Other Styles of Prostitution - 1101 Words

Prostitution Prostitution is outlined because the act of participating in sexual activities or having sex in exchange for cash or merchandise, though this activity is it administrated by members of each sexes, is additional common in girls, however it additionally applies to men. Harlotry may be each heterosexual and homosexual, and will involve transvestites and transsexuals. The generic term accustomed talk to a prostitute who exercise it. Other styles of prostitution Sometimes the term is employed in vice crime abundant broader sense, of getting sex with a unique order of the playback or the pleasure of 1 of the parties, together with historical styles of spiritual prostitution, within which sex is practiced in compliance with specific spiritual precepts. The alleged religious prostitution bit by bit disappeared within the Western world throughout the empire, however has continuing to be practiced in different cultures till recent times, and has seen a spike with the emergence of different religions within the West. Also make up this a lot of general definition, the utilization of sex as a type of spying, and therefore the cases of men and ladies maintaining relationships with known friends, to sell the story to the tabloids in exchange for fame and or cash. In these 2 cases the equation is employed in vice crime with an clearly dislogistic. Prostitution and crime Prostitution is currently hot in several countries, typical of marginal environments andShow MoreRelatedProstitution, As Stated By The Oxford English Dictionary,1742 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution, as stated by the Oxford English Dictionary, is â€Å"The practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† With a clear understanding of its definition, it can be acknowledged that this practice is both dangerous and unethical, and often reflect an imbalance of power and control, both physically and emotionally, through unsafe environments and treating prostitutes as sex objects. As a matter of fact, if we lived in a perfect society everyone would be wealthyRead MoreEffects Of Economics And Sexuality On Women s Life1376 Words   |  6 Pagesduring this large time period much has happened to the economy as well as the life style of a women. Therefore, these two topics play a big role within each other that affected women during this time period. Thus this leads to the subtopics that will be discussed to show that economics and sexuality does go hand and hand. The two subtopics that will demonstrate the effects are the industrial eco nomy, and prostitution. These two subtopics provide much information about women during this time periodRead MoreChildhood Victimization And Subsequent Risk For Promiscuity, Prostitution, And Pregnancy Essay900 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch problem in Childhood Victimization and Subsequent Risk for Promiscuity, Prostitution, and Teenage Pregnancy: A Prospective Study, is one in which abused children were examined over a period of time to find to correlation between abuse and or neglect as it relates to the risk for their promiscuity, prostitution, and pregnancy (Spatz Kuhms, 1996). The particular design of this study was a prospective cohort style which in sense is a study that is conducted over a period of time with groupedRead MoreThe Differential Theory And Social Control Theory1567 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol theory link to prostitution â€Å"Prostitution is the continual supply of physical sexual intercourse of some kind in direct exchange for material rewards, usually money† (Adriaenssens and Hendrickx 2012, p. 1) It is a corrupt way of producing one’s financial or personal gains. Women and men enter this line of business due to various reasons, which results with various types of prostitutes, such as; high-end escorts, third world sex slaves and street prostitutes. Prostitution is a sustained cycleRead MoreProstitution : The Oldest Profession On Earth1107 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution Prostitution is considered as the oldest profession on Earth. Sexual service in return for payment is called the prostitution. Prostitution is a big issue effecting women, men, and children all over the world. This is a world-wide controversy and it is something that people are not comfortable talking about. The question is whether people who are involved in the sex industry are willingly or are forced to do it. Our society has different points of view on this issue. Some people agreeRead MoreProstitution : The Oldest Profession On Earth1352 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is considered as the oldest profession on Earth. Sexual service in return for payment is called prostitution. Prostitution is a big issue effecting women, men, and children all over the world. This is a world-wide controversy and it is something that people are not comfortable talking about. The question is whether people who are involved in the sex industry are willing or are forced to do it. Our society has d ifferent points of view on this issue. Some people agree and want to legalizeRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Sanctioned And Is It Moral?992 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution is a subject whom numerous individuals today have vocal conclusions about on the off chance that it ought to be sanctioned and is it moral? Can you envision how individuals felt about whores in the nineteenth century? Today individuals think the most exceedingly terrible conceivable things of a lady who whores herself and a less unbending perspective of ladies sexuality exists now very nearly two centuries later than there was then. In 2011 men and ladies can have an alternate perspectiveRead MoreSex, Prostitution, And The Production Of Sex Toys Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesSex work, consisting of prostitution and the production of sex toys, has been implemented in the United States since the 18th century. Through red-light districts, street prostitution, escort or out-call prostitution, brothel prostituti on, and child prostitution, prostitution still thrives in the United States despite legality. Sex toys has become increasingly more available on shelves but still primarily stay in the e-commerce realm. Sex work has struggled to stay in the United States becauseRead MoreProstitution Should Be Legalized Within The United States1602 Words   |  7 Pagesbang for your buck! Prostitution should be legalized within the United States of America for numerous reasons, some of which including decrease in rape and diseases, adding a nice little boost to our economy, and generally reducing violence against women of the night. Even though prostitution can be very dangerous, many women choose that path. If you re strapped for cash and don’t have many options don’t worry, throw out your morals and sell what you already have and others might want, sell yourRead MoreThe Era Of The Victorian Era1565 Words   |  7 Pages1851, the Great Exhibition also known as the â€Å"World’s Great Fair† where England displayed its greatest inventions created by science and the industry. One of the key pieces is the â€Å"Crystal Palace,† where it was held at and showed the architectural style of England and the materials that they used. Queen Victoria was a ruler that had strict conduct which she had instilled in England’s daily life and she expanded the empire by receiving countries such as Australia, Canada and India. The social classes

Capital Punishment Infringes Upon Human Rights and Should...

In today’s society, capital punishment is a particularly controversial issue. The death penalty known for its barbaric form of punishment began in 1892 lasting for 69 years before bill C-84 was passed by the House of Commons resulting in the removal of the death penalty. Although capital punishment has been abolished for 48 years, society still has mixed opinions on whether our country would benefit by reinstating capital punishment or if it would be better to respect individual rights and keep them locked away from society to prevent harm. Despite the promotion of human rights there are still many individuals who are willing to abolish that right to perform the sinful act of killing. Throughout history, emotions within humans have†¦show more content†¦Is it a surprise that 50% of driving casualties are a result of alcohol abuse? Prisoners suffering from the humiliation of life imprisonment often debate whether they would rather have the death sentence to end the suffering and pain or stay in jail where they must think about the act they committed and must be accustomed to prison life. â€Å"There’s nothing to look forward to on the inside, it’ll be all gray on gray for the rest of my life,† were the strong words sent by letter to the Italian president, which was written by Carmelo Musumeci along with the consent of hundreds of Italian inmates wanting death over life. Society can be safe without inflicting death upon the criminals. Canada should observe how some states have a sentence of li fe without parole ensuring society’s safety from these prisoners but keeping the country’s dignity and pride intact. Stats have proven that death rates are higher in American states with capital punishment compared to the states that do not use the death penalty. Canada and Europe both do not use capital punishment and have lower death rates than the United States which uses the death penalty. In 2006, homicide rates were taken per a population of 100,000. The United States had 5.7% while Europe had 5.4% and Canada had homicide rates of 1.85% thus indicating that capital punishment makes no difference in homicide rates. Using these 2006 homicide rates weShow MoreRelatedNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pages-Many Americans (since nation was founded) view that protection of certain fundamental values as center of national security -Determining Interest: What Conditions Should We Seek? -Military Sufficiency -Issue is how much military capability is enough - is it enough to have the same capabilities as potential threats or should we pursue superior capabilities -US leaders have varied greatly on how much is enough -Domestic strength -Important goal is to seek political cohesion, economicRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesreproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording

Battle Of Bullrun Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

Battle Of Bullrun Essay, Research Paper The Battle of Bullrun-Manassas On a warm July twenty-four hours in 1861, two great ground forcess of a divided state clashed for the first clip on the Fieldss overlooking Bull Run. Their ranks were filled with enthusiastic immature voluntaries in colourful new uniforms, gathered together from every portion of the state. Confident that their enemies would run at the first shooting, the natural recruits were grateful that they would non lose the lone conflict of what would certainly be a short war. But any idea of colourful pageantry was all of a sudden lost in the fume, blare, soil, and decease of the conflict. Soldiers on both sides were stunned by the force and devastation they encountered. At twenty-four hours # 8217 ; s end about 900 immature work forces lay lifeless on the Fieldss of Matthews Hill, Henry Hill, and Chinn Ridge. Ten hours of heavy contending swept off any impression the war # 8217 ; s outcome would be distinct rapidly. Cheers rang through the streets of Washington on July 16, 1861, as General ( 26k ) Irvin McDowell # 8217 ; s Army, 35,000 strong, marched out to get down the long-awaited run to capture Richmond and stop the war. It was an Army of Green Recruits, few of whom had the faintest thought of the magnitude of the undertaking confronting them. But their swaggering pace showed that none doubted the result. As exhilaration spread, many citizens and Congressmans with picnic baskets followed the Army into the field to watch what all expected would be a colourful show. FIRST BATTLE OF MANASSAS On a warm July twenty-four hours in 1861, two great ground forcess of a divided state clashed for the first clip on the Fieldss overlooking Bull Run. Their ranks were filled with enthusiastic immature voluntaries in colourful new uniforms, gathered together from every portion of the state. Confident that their enemies would run at the first shooting, the natural recruits were grateful that they would non lose the lone conflict of what would certainly be a short war. But any idea of colourful pageantry was all of a sudden lost in the fume, blare, soil, and decease of the conflict. Soldiers on both sides were stunned by the force and devastation they encountered. At twenty-four hours # 8217 ; s end about 900 immature work forces lay lifeless on the Fieldss of Matthews Hill, Henry Hill, and Chinn Ridge. Ten hours of heavy contending swept off any impression the war # 8217 ; s outcome would be distinct rapidly. Cheers rang through the streets of Washington on July 16, 1861, as General media/portraits/mcdowell_irvin.htmmedia/portraits/mcdowell_irvin.htm ( 26k ) Irvin McDowell # 8217 ; s Army, 35,000 strong, marched out to get down the long-awaited run to capture Richmond and stop the war. It was an Army of Green Recruits, few of whom had the faintest thought of the magnitude of the undertaking confronting them. But their swaggering pace showed that none doubted the result. As exhilaration spread, many citizens and Congressmans with picnic baskets followed the Army into the field to watch what all expected would be a colourful show. Many of these military personnels were 90-day voluntaries summoned by President media/portraits/lincoln_abraham.htmmedia/portraits/lincoln_abraham.htm ( 56k ) Abraham Lincoln after the startling intelligence of Fort Sumter explosion over the Nation in April 1861. Called from stores and farms, the recruits had small cognition of what war would intend. The first twenty-four hours # 8217 ; s March covered merely eight kilometres ( 5 stat mis ) as many stayed back to pick blackberries or fill canteens. McDowell # 8217 ; s pounding columns were headed for the critical railway junction at Manassas. Here the Orange and Alexandria Railroad met the Manassas Gap Railroad, which led west to the Shenandoah Valley. If McDowell could prehend this junction, he would stand astride the best overland attack to the Confederate # 8217 ; s capital. On July 18th McDowell # 8217 ; s Army reached Centreville. Five stat mis in front a little meandering watercourse named Bull Run crossed the path of the Union progress, and at that place guarding the Fords from Union Mills to the Stone Bridge waited 22,000 Southern military personnels under the bid of General media/portraits/beauregard_pierre_gustave.htmmedia/portraits/beauregard_pierre_gustave.htm ( 24k ) Pierre G.T. Beauregard. McDowell ab initio probed the Confederate centre, but his military personnels were checked at Blackburn # 8217 ; s Ford. He so spent the following two yearss reconnoitering the Southern left wing. In the interim, Beauregard asked the Confederate Government at Richmond for aid. General media/portraits/johnston_joseph_eggleston.htmmedia/portraits/johnston_joseph_eggleston.htm ( 26k ) Joseph E. Johnston, stationed in the Shenandoah Valley with 10,000 Confederate military personnels, was ordered to back up Beauregard. Johnston gave an opposing Union force the faux pas, and, using the Manassas Gap Railroad, started his ground forces toward Manassas Junction. Most of Johnston # 8217 ; s military personnels arrived at the junction on July 20 and 21, some marching from the trains straight into conflict. On the forenoon of July 21, McDowell sent his onslaught columns in a long March north toward Sudley Springs Ford. This path took the Federal soldiers around the Confederate left. To deflect the Southerners, McDowell ordered a diversionary onslaught where the Warrenton Turnpike crossed Bull Run at the Stone Bridge. At 5:30 AM the deep throated boom of a 30-pounder Parrott rifle shattered the forenoon composure, and signaled the start of conflict. McDowell # 8217 ; s new program depended on velocity and surprise, both hard with inexperient military personnels. Valuable clip was lost as the work forces stumbled through the darkness along narrow roads. Confederate Colonel media/portraits/evens_nathan_g.htmmedia/portraits/evens_nathan_g.htm ( 24k ) Nathan Evans, commanding at the Stone Bridge, shortly realized that the onslaught on his forepart was merely a recreation. Leaving a little force to keep the span, Evans rushed the balance of his bid to Matthews Hill in clip to look into McDowell # 8217 ; s lead unit. But Evan # 8217 ; s force was excessively little to keep back the Federal soldiers for long. Soon brigades under Brigadier General media/portraits/bee_barnard_e.htmmedia/portraits/bee_barnard_e.htm ( 30k ) Barnard Bee and Colonel media/portraits/bartow_francis_s.htmmedia/portraits/bartow_francis_s.htm ( 23k ) Francis Bartow marched to Evans # 8217 ; aid. But even with these supports, the thin grey line collapsed and Southerners fled in upset toward Henry Hill. About midday, the Federal soldiers stopped their progress to reorganise for a new onslaught. The letup lasted for about an hr, giving Johnston and Beauregard adequate clip to stablize their lines. Trying to beat up his work forces, Bee pointed to General media/portraits/jackson_thomas_j.htmmedia/portraits/jackson_thomas_j.htm ( 42k ) Thomas Jackson, and shouted the now celebrated words, # 8220 ; There stands Jackson like a rock wall! # 8221 ; The conflict raged until merely after 4:00 PM, with each side seeking to coerce the other off Henry Hill. Then fresh Southern units crashed into the Union # 8217 ; s right wing on Chinn Ridge, coercing McDowell # 8217 ; s tired and discouraged soldiers to retreat. At foremost the backdown was orderly. Screened by the habitues, the three-month voluntaries retired across Bull Run, where they found the route to Washington jammed with the passenger cars of Congressmans and others who had driven out to Centreville to watch the battle. Panic now seized many of the soldiers and the retreat became a mob. The Confederates, though bolstered by the reaching of President media/portraits/davis_jefferson.htmmedia/portraits/davis_jefferson.htm ( 33k ) Jefferson Davis on the field merely as the conflict was stoping, were excessively exhausted and disorganized to prosecute the Union ground forces back into Washington. Daybreak on July 22 found the defeated Union Army back behind the bristling defences of Washington. Second BATTLE OF MANASSAS In August 1862, Union and Confederate ground forcess converged for a 2nd clip on the fields of Manassas. The naif enthusiasm that preceded the earlier brush was gone. War was non the vacation outing or expansive escapade envisioned by the immature recruits of 1861. The contending forces, now made up of seasoned veterans, knew good the world of war. The Battle of Second Manassas, covering three yearss, produced far greater slaughter, 3,399 killed, and brought the Confederate states to the tallness of its power. Still the conflict did non weaken Northern decide. The war’s concluding result was yet unknown, and it would be left to other conflicts to make up ones mind whether the forfeit at Manassas was portion of the monetary value of Southern independency, or the cost of one state once more united under the national criterion. After the Union licking at Manassas in July 1861, General media/portraits/mcclellan_george_brinton.htmmedia/portraits/mcclellan_george_brinton.htm ( 52k ) George B. McClellan took bid of the Federal forces in and around Washington and organized them into a formidable combat machine, the Army of the Potomac. In March 1862, go forthing a strong force to cover the capital, McClellan shifted his Army by H2O to Fort Monroe on the tip of the York # 8211 ; James River peninsula, merely 75 stat mis south-east of Richmond. Early in April, he advanced toward the Confederate capital. Anticipating such a move, the Southerners abandoned the Manassas country and marched to run into the Federals. By the terminal of May, McClellan # 8217 ; s military personnels were within sight of Richmond. Here General media/portraits/johnston_joseph_eggleston.htmmedia/portraits/johnston_joseph_eggleston.htm ( 26k ) Joseph E. Johnston # 8217 ; s Confederate Army assailed the Federal soldiers in the bloody but i nconclusive Battle of Seven Pines. Johnston was wounded and President media/portraits/davis_jefferson.htmmedia/portraits/davis_jefferson.htm ( 33k ) Jefferson Davis placed General media/portraits/lee_robert_e.htmmedia/portraits/lee_robert_e.htm ( 57k ) Robert E. Lee in bid. Seizing the violative, Lee sent his force ( now called the Army of Northern Virginia ) across the Chickahominy River and, in a series of barbarous conflicts, pushed McClellan back from the border of Richmond to a place on the James River. At the same clip, the scattered Federal forces in northern Virginia were organized into the Army of Virginia under the bid of General media/portraits/pope_john.htmmedia/portraits/pope_john.htm ( 25K ) John Pope, who arrived with a repute newly won in the war # 8217 ; s western theatre. Gambling that McClellen would do no farther problem around Richmond, Lee sent media/portraits/jackson_thomas_j.htmmedia/portraits/jackson_thomas_j.htm ( 33k ) Stonewall Jackson # 8217 ; s flying northerly to # 8220 ; suppress # 8221 ; Pope. Jackson clashed indecisively with portion of Pope # 8217 ; s military personnels at Cedar Mountain on August 9. Meanwhile, larning that the Army of the Potomac was retreating by H2O to fall in Pope, Lee marched with General media/portraits/longstreet_james.htmmedia/portraits/longstreet_james.htm ( 33k ) James Longstreet # 8217 ; s flying to bolster Jackson. Pope withdrew to the north side of the Rappahannock River and successfully blocked Lee # 8217 ; s effor ts to derive a tactical advantage. Lee knew that if he was to get the better of Pope he would hold to strike before McClellan # 8217 ; s Army arrived in northern Virginia. On August 25 Lee boldly started Jackson # 8217 ; s Flying on a March of over 50 stat mis, around the Union # 8217 ; s right wing to strike at Pope # 8217 ; s rear. Two yearss subsequently, Jackson # 8217 ; s veterans seized Pope # 8217 ; s provide terminal at Manassas Junction. After a twenty-four hours of wild banqueting, Jackson burned what Federal supplies could non be carried off and moved to a place in the forests North of Groveton near the old Manassas battleground. Pope, stung by the onslaught on his supply base, abandoned the line of the Rappahannock and headed toward Manassas to # 8220 ; bag # 8221 ; Jackson. At the same clip, Lee was traveling northerly with Longstreet # 8217 ; s flying to reunite his Army. On the afternoon of August 28, to forestall the Federal commanding officer # 8217 ; s attempts to concentrate at Centreville and convey Pope to conflict, Jackson ordered his military personnels to assail a Union column as it marched on the Warrenton Turnpike. This barbarian battle at Brawner # 8217 ; s Farm lasted until dark. Convinced that Jackson was isolated, Pope ordered his columns to meet on Groveton. He was certain that he could destruct Jackson before Lee and Longstreet could step in. On the 29th Pope # 8217 ; s Army found Jackson # 8217 ; s work forces posted along an unfinished railway class, North of the turnpike. All afternoon, in a series of uncoordinated onslaughts, Pope hurled his work forces against the Confederate place. In several topographic points, the Northerners momently breached Jackson # 8217 ; s line, but each clip were forced back. That twenty-four hours Longstreet # 8217 ; s military personnels arrived on the battleground and, unknown to Pope, deployed on Jackson # 8217 ; s right, overlapping the exposed Union left. Lee urged Longstreet to assail, but # 8220 ; Old Pete # 8221 ; demurred. The clip was merely non right, he said. The forenoon of August 30 passed softly. Just before midday, mistakenly reasoning the Confederates were withdrawing, Pope ordered his Army forward # 8220 ; in pursuit. # 8221 ; The chase, nevertheless, was ephemeral. Pope found that Lee had gone nowhere. Amazingly, Pope ordered yet another onslaught against Jackson # 8217 ; s line. Major General media/portraits/porter_fitz_john.htmmedia/portraits/porter_fitz_john.htm ( 25k ) Fitz John Porter # 8217 ; s corps, along with portion of McDowell # 8217 ; s, struck Brigadier General media/portraits/starke_william_e.htmmedia/portraits/starke_william_e.htm ( 21k ) W. E. Starke # 8217 ; s division at the unfinished railway # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Deep Cut. # 8221 ; The Southerners held house, and Porter # 8217 ; s column was hurled back in a bloody rebuff. Sing the Union lines in confusion, Longstreet pushed his monolithic columns forward and staggered the Union left. Pope # 8217 ; s Army was faced with obliteration. Merely a heroic base by the northern military personnels, foremost on Chinn Ridge and so one time once more on Henry Hill, bought clip for Pope # 8217 ; s distressed Union forces. Finally, under screen of darkness the defeated Union Army withdrew across Bull Run toward the defences of Washington. Lee # 8217 ; s bold and superb Second Battle of Manassas run opened the manner for the South # 8217 ; s first invasion of the North, and a command for foreign intercession. On July 21, 1861 the First Battle of Bull Run occurred. It was the first existent major struggle of the American Civil War. A Union ground forces, dwelling of 28,000 work forces, commanded by General McDowell, fought 33,000 Confederates under General Beauregard. The Union ground forces, under force per unit area to oppress the rebellion in the South, marched towards Richmond, but met the Confederate forces coming north from Manassas, a Southern base. At the beginning of the five hr conflict the Union soldiers had the Confederates on the retreat, except for one brigade commanded by General Jackson. Due to Jackson # 8217 ; s ability to keep his land and his obstinacy, the work forces saw him similar to a rock wall, therefore the moniker # 8220 ; Stonewall # 8221 ; Jackson. Thankss to Jackson the Confederates were able to keep out until General Johnston showed up with 9000 supports to assist out Beauregard near Henry House Hill. The reaching changed the class of the conflict and shortly the Union soldiers were flying back to Washington. However, because of the disorganisation of Beauregard # 8217 ; s ground forces, they could non prosecute McDowell any farther. The conflict proved that this was non traveling to be a one sided war for either side, as was predicted. The casualties soared to 2,900 killed, wounded, captured, or losing for McDowell # 8217 ; s ground forces and 2,000 for Beauregard # 8217 ; s. The conflict spurred a sense of triumph in the South, forcing them on, and in the North a feeling for retaliation.

Arkansas/Arkansaw Book Review free essay sample

What is the first thing that comes to mind when you think of the state of Arkansas? Chances are, that as an Arkansan the thoughts are quite different than those of someone not born or raised here. Hillbilly, redneck, barefoot, and trailer are a just few of the common first words invoked in the minds of â€Å"foreigners† by the word Arkansas. In the non-fiction work, Arkansas/Arkansaw: How Bear Hunters, Hillbillies, and Good Ol Boys Defined a State, author Brooks Blevins provides readers with his idea of how Arkansass image began, and then perpetuated over time. He provides several examples of the creation and reiteration of this imagine, beginning as early as the 1800s and progressing all the way into the 2000s. Not every example provided in the book reflects a negative image, as Blevins is trying to prove that there are positive aspects, it has progressed over time, and is ultimately the Arkansans perception of it that determines its power. The books provided so much information of the state I am proud to call my home, and I believe that Brooks Blevins was successful in his presentation and purpose! I was pleased to find that Blevins writes this book as an Arkansas native rather than an opinionated outsider with no identity in the subject of his work. I feel that it is this factor alone that gives the book such a genuine feel. I was also pleased to find that Blevins once worked as a professor at Lyon College, which is located in my hometown. This gives me an even stronger sense of familiarity with him. The book is intended to be read by anyone interested in the subject, although it seems natural that interest would be primarily with historians and Arkansas natives. It is this readers interest that actually influences the effectiveness of Blevinss writing. Obviously, efferent readers and aesthetic readers will be seeking different things from the text and therefore take away different things from the text. But in the end, Blevins hopes that all readers will recognize the many ways in which Arkansas has fit into our nation as whole, both then and now. Blevins uses interesting techniques presenting the Arkansas image. The most unique and effective techniques is his vocabulary. â€Å"Arkansaw† is the word he uses â€Å"when referring to the states image and when invoking the mythical place conjured various stereotypes and caricatures† (5). This helps to distinguish general information from information directly related to â€Å"the mixture of fact, legend, and stereotype† that comes to mind when Americans think of Arkansas (5). Blevins also makes use of the word â€Å"Arkansawyer† to describe inhabitants and the â€Å"different reactions Arkansas people have to the Arkansaw image† (6). Another distinction in vocabulary that Blevins chose is the use of the word image in the place of identity, which implies an always active participation in the defining of a reputation. These methods contribute to the tone of the book as well as the readers understanding of the authors presentation. Blevins illustrations of Arkansass image span the course of hundreds of years. The first images presented in the books stem from early travelers to the state. The opinions of most of these travelers were mixed, with many of them describing neanderthal like conditions. Francios Marie Perrin de Lac of Arkansans, â€Å"They pass their time playing games, dancing, drinking, or doing nothing, similar in this as in other things to the savage peoples with whom they pass their time† (12). Other visitors describe humble dwellings, plain clothing, endless hunting and lots of weapons. Throughout most of the books first chapter Blevins recounts the experiences of several travelers who all seem to agree that Arkansas is a state full of lazy, violent people with no regard for the rest of the nations idea of civilization. Blevins suggest that much of the disparity in Arkansass definition of normal and the rest of the countrys comes from Arkansass geographical location. He says that because, at this time, Arkansas is blocked on the east by swamps and on the west by Indian territory it became â€Å"backwater†. Unfortunately much of Arkansass reputation at this time was negative. There are a few travelers that noted the simple goodness of Arkansans at this time. Travelers such as Friedrich Gerstacker and Washintgon Irving presented a softer side to the prominent savage-like image described by others. Gerstackers perception of Arkansans was descibed as primarily positive. He described the Arkansans he encountered as â€Å"honest and upright† and reported that Arkansas was his favorite of all the states in America. Irving said that Arkansans, â€Å"have none of that eagerness for gain, and rage for improvement, which keep our people continually on the move† (22). He had a respect for the slowed down, simple way of like Arkansans lived every day. Blevins depicts both positive and negative travel accounts and memoirs, although he believes that their impact is difficult to measure. As the book progresses through the years, Blevins begins to introduce several famous faces that call Arkansas their home, in what he calls the Heyday of the Hillbilly. He mentions everyone from musicians to actors, athletes to novelists, and intellects to political figures. For each one mentioned, Blevins describes their experience with the Arkansas image, whether they found a way to embrace it or let it bring them down. Its interesting that he does not limit this presentation to individuals born and raised in the state, and includes some that instead have â€Å"adopted† Arkansas as their home state. All of the Arkansans he describes have impacted or been impacted by the image of their state. My favorite part of the book is actually the conclusion. Blevins begins this by describing an incident that I actually remember. In 2000, while the governors mansion was undergoing extensive renovations, Governor Mike Huckabee and his family chose to stay in a triple-wide trailer. The move was quickly met with laughs and â€Å"I-told-you-sos† from all over the country. The best part of the story is that the Huckabee family embraced the situation and joined in the laughter! Huckabee said, â€Å"Let the people laugh. I think that the difference between an Arkansas and an uptight, wound-up northerner, is that were laughing with you, because we like the way we live† (186). This acceptance is what I believe is the central goal of Blevins writing. Through this book, what I think Blevins really wanted to achieve was an acceptance of the Arkansas image. He mentions what he calls the Arkansans inferiority complex and says that â€Å"people of Arkansas are probably more obsessed with their states image than are people of any other state† (186). Blevins suggests that although the nations reaction to the governors manufactured mansion implies that Arkansass hillbilly image still exists, it is no longer in the forefront of peoples mind that they think of Arkansas. Blevins goes on to identify statistics about everything from education to violence, with Arkansas â€Å"generally low where you want to be high and high where low might be a good thing† (188). However, the statistics he discusses show that Arkansas is not always the worst state in the nation. As an Arkansan, I was so shocked to read all of the negative things others about my state, although I have heard some of them myself a time or two. All Arkansans are aware that we are typically viewed in a â€Å"less civilized† light than the rest of the country. But one thing I have always held in my mind is that we cant possibly be nearly as uncivilized as the state of Mississippi.. I laughed to see Blevins use of the phrase â€Å"Thank God for Mississippi†. Part of having pride in your state is accepting that you will never be able to change an image that has been so widespread for so long. Its always better to just embrace it, join in the jokes, and no that no state is free from stereotypes or stigmas. It is a nationwide thing! Overall I was very pleased with Blevins argument in the book. The way in which he chose to approach the creation of the image was interesting and I enjoyed the various accounts he utilized. I also enjoyed learning about famous figures from my state that I had not previously known. He does a great job of presenting the information in a entertaining and real style. His pride in his home state shines through and inspires me to learn more about my state so that I can better embrace my title as a true Arkansan!

Aristotles Politics Essays - Forms Of Government,

Aristotle's Politics Aristotle does not regard politics as a separate science from ethics, but as the completion, and almost a verification of it. The moral ideal in political administration is only a different aspect of that which also applies to individual happiness. Humans are by nature social beings, and the possession of rational speech (logos) in itself leads us to social union. The state is a development from the family through the village community, an offshoot of the family. Formed originally for the satisfaction of natural wants, it exists afterwards for moral ends and for the promotion of the higher life. The state in fact is no mere local union for the prevention of wrong doing, and the convenience of exchange. It is also no mere institution for the protection of goods and property. It is a genuine moral organization for advancing the development of humans. The family, which is chronologically prior to the state, involves a series of relations between husband and wife, parent and child, master and slave. Aristotle regards the slave as a piece of live property having no existence except in relation to his master. Slavery is a natural institution because there is a ruling and a subject class among people related to each other as soul to body; however, we must distinguish between those who are slaves by nature, and those who have become slaves merely by war and conquest. Household management involves the acquisition of riches, but must be distinguished from money-making for its own sake. Wealth is everything whose value can be measured by money; but it is the use rather than the possession of commodities which constitutes riches. Financial exchange first involved bartering. However, with the difficulties of transmission between countries widely separated from each other, money as a currency arose. At first it was merely a specific amount of weighted or measured metal. Afterwards it received a stamp to mark the amount. Demand is the real standard of value. Currency, therefore, is merely a convention which represents the demand; it stands between the producer and the recipient and secures fairness. Usury is an unnatural and reprehensible use of money. The communal ownership of wives and property as sketched by Plato in the Republic rests on a false conception of political society. For, the state is not a homogeneous unity, as Plato believed, but rather is made up of dissimilar elements. The classification of constitutions is based on the fact that government may be exercised either for the good of the governed or of the governing, and may be either concentrated in one person or shared by a few or by the many. There are thus three true forms of government: monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional republic. The perverted forms of these are tyranny, oligarchy and democracy. The difference between the last two is not that democracy is a government of the many, and oligarchy of the few; instead, democracy is the state of the poor, and oligarchy of the rich. Considered in the abstract, these six states stand in the following order of preference: monarchy, aristocracy, constitutional republic, democracy, oligarchy, tyranny. But though w ith a perfect person monarchy would be the highest form of government, the absence of such people puts it practically out of consideration. Similarly, true aristocracy is hardly ever found in its uncorrupted form. It is in the constitution that the good person and the good citizen coincide. Ideal preferences aside, then, the constitutional republic is regarded as the best attainable form of government, especially as it secures that predominance of a large middle class, which is the chief basis of permanence in any state. With the spread of population, democracy is likely to become the general form of government. Which is the best state is a question that cannot be directly answered. Different races are suited for different forms of government, and the question which meets the politician is not so much what is abstractly the best state, but what is the best state under existing circumstances. Generally, however, the best state will enable anyone to act in the best and live in the happiest manner. To serve this end the ideal state should be neither too great nor too

R&B essays

R&B essays Have you ever turned on the radio and thought to yourself where did this all start? In fact the root of Rs. Over the decades, thanks to different artists and their styles, R Despite all of the publications on Rthe land where the blues were born. (Allmusic.com). In the 1940s blues became very popular in Chicago. People at that time wanted to hear faster and louder music. Audience enjoyed dancing to this kind of music. In the 1950s people wanted a different change in the music. Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry made a really big change. Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry invented what we call today Rock and Roll. In the 1960s blue became known as the soul music. Soul music inspired other styles of music like Pop and Funk music. Pop music in fact is still going on today. ...

Best interests of patients with a lacking of mental capacity Essay

Best interests of patients with a lacking of mental capacity - Essay Example In accordance with the Mental Capacity Act (the Act) 2005 â€Å"any act done or decision made on behalf of an adult lacking capacity must be in their best interests†1. Such life aspects as financial, health and social care issues can be resolved from the perspective of the best interests of people with mental disabilities. Mental Capacity Act (1983) is another legal authority, which should be followed in the process of dealing with a lack of consent or mental capacity of the patients. It should be noted that consent occurs if the patient is properly informed about the potential medical treatment and is able to agree voluntarily without fraud upon it. In terms of mental capacity, a patient should be well-informed about different processes and results of medical treatment, but it should be noted that a patient may be capable in one sphere and lacking of mental capacity in making critical decisions. In accordance with Section 4 of this Act, there is a need to assess mental abilit ies or disabilities of a patient within 72 hours. The closest relatives or AMHP with one doctor’s support is essential to make some conclusions. Another doctor’s confirm should be received within 72 hours. ... iew of the case on mental capacity 2  tells us as follows: H’s was incapable in different ways and there was a need to solve his future destiny and take care of her. There was a need to improve her consent with regards to sexual relations and there was a need to prevent restrictions imposed on her liberty. Test determining mental capacity of a patient, enabling him to make relevant decisions is based on the following basic principles: first of all, it is necessary to determine whether a current turbulent state of a patient is an impairment or disturbance. Moreover, whether brain functions of a patient is damaged or not or whether a patient is able or unable to make some decisions by him or not. Therefore, it is relevant to weigh decisions and possible ways of communicating potential decisions. There are many different cases, when patients are lacking of mental capacity. Very often patients are in comma or they may suffer from â€Å"locked-in syndrome†. In case a patie nt is unable to communicate his decision, such sings as blinking or squeezing a hand may be positive signs. Therefore, the specialists of verbal and non-verbal communication are relevant in the field of such kind of patients. There is a need to take into account personal concerns and interests of a patient in order not to violate them in the process of decision making. It should be noted that medical personnel of the hospitals is always focused on life benefits of potential medical treatment of a patient or a potential possibility to save his life. Of course, it is necessary for the doctors to assess the capacity of the patients. First of all, it is necessary to assess the written records about a patient’s health conditions; to involve independent decision makers, take care of hospital complaints

Science fiction and film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Science fiction and film - Essay Example Sci-fi films are absolute with heroes, far-flung planets, impracticable quests, dubious settings, incredible places, enormous dark and shadowy villains, revolutionary technology and gizmos and mysterious and bizarre forces. Many other Science Fiction Films feature time travels or extraordinary journeys, and are set either on Earth, in outer space or most frequently into the future time. Like the mainstream of the unsurpassed science fiction, Blade Runner does not relate to the typical false-scientific package of cryptic and difficult to understand jargon. In this regard, science fiction movies, although apparently hinting the opposite with their depictions of aliens and high-end technology, question the very nature of humanity; what, in essence, does it mean to be a human? What elements constitute the very essence of consciousness? This is why directors are able to express themselves with greater freedom in science fiction movies than through fiction, giving them science fiction movies an obvious benefit over their fiction counterparts. The very aspect is explored in Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner. The movie brings to the movie world a theatrical piece that combines human, childlike innocence and ingenuousness to a machine-like strength and ruthlessness. This sets the film in a class of its own, as the most excellent science fiction probes the spirit of life us ing differences out of the bounds of our contemporary world as a fuel to sustain the story (Blade Runner 2000). The movie is unique not only in presenting the typical science fiction traits in a subtly advanced and novel manner but also in the various dynamic themes and questions that have been embedded in it. The movie is set in the year 2019. The human race is on an exodus, from the earth to newly colonized places elsewhere in the universe. However since the exploration of space is a daunting task, androids known as replicants have been invented for the purpose of exploration. As with the

The Lamb by William Blake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Lamb by William Blake - Essay Example William Blake wanted to show that there are contrasts in all human behavior. The Lamb represents the spiritual side, nature, innocence and childhood. He is a principal theme in the Christianity. Other themes studied in this essay will be the origin of humanity, nature and innocence. Blake considers these themes passive in retrospect to the experience one performs in life. A stream, the English country side and a small innocent child who questions the values of life are passive in comparison to the actions of a "tyger". "By the stream and o'er the mead". The first stanza brings us to the English country side with a stream and a meadow. "By the stream and o'er the mead" is literal but Blake differentiates between the physical and the spiritual: "gave thee life, and bid thee feed" and "Gave thee such a tender voice". The alternating between the physical and the spiritual adds to the playfulness of a child asking a question and then answering it. The narrator is playing. He is answering his own questions. "Little Lamb, who made thee?" Then the next stanza. "Little Lamb, I'll tell thee." The scenario is set in the first stanza and it is a nice setting. The lamb is a metaphor for a child as there is then reference to a child asking questions in regards to his clothing. " Gave thee clothing of delight, Softest clothing, woolly, bright". In going one step deeper, the reader realizes that the questions are much more profound in the first stanza." Dost thou know who made thee?""Making all the vales rejoice?" This poem is in a child like song but the sophistication of the questions show that though the language is simple, the questions deal with the essence of humanity. In the first stanza the reader does not know who is asking the questions. He assumes, the narrator is a child talking but line three "Gave thee life, and bid thee feed", would not come from a child of either the 21st or 18th century. There are other interpretations. Is he a child; is he God or is he a pare nt asking the questions for his child? There is also reference that we are all the children of God. "Little lamb, who made thee? Dost thou know who made thee? If he is a parental figure and wanting to get the child to reflect on the existence of life. "Dost thou know who made thee?" In the second stanza, the narrator takes a different attitude. First by the form, the reference to Jesus by the 'He' and 'Himself' and 'He'. The narrator is stronger as he answers the questions in the first stanza. He alluded to the lamb being Jesus; to their having the same character traits of innocence, meekness and naivety. "For He calls Himself a Lamb. He is meek, and He is mild, "He became a little child" is his becoming a child of God."We are called by His name" is reference to our being children of God. "The Lamb" is a child's song. Blake wrote it in a common hymn like form that was well known in church. The trochaic meter was pleasing: ."Gave thee life, and bid thee feed. This continues throughou t the poem. He used another technique of repeating the first and last couplets of each stanza to continue the sing song effect : "Little Lamb, who made thee?" "Doest thou know who made thee?"" Little Lamb, I'll tell thee?""Little Lamb, God bless thee!". Another literary device was saying goodbye or good night in the last sentence as a lullaby."Little Lamb, God Bless thee!" The rhyme of the poem is AABBCCDDEE of the first stanza then AABBCCDDEE of the second stanza. The rhythm and the rimed couplets add

Concepts and Research into Green Networking

Concepts and Research into Green Networking Green Networking Abstract: Saving of excessive energy consumption is becoming a key concern in networking, because of theprobable economical benefits. These concerns, usually argued to as â€Å"green networking†, relate to inserting energy-awareness in the strategy, in the devicesand in the protocols of networks. In this work, I first formulate a more precise definition of the â€Å"green† attribute. I further more classify a few standards that are key enablers of energy-aware networking research. I then overview the up-to-date state of the art and offer a catalog of the relevant work, with a superior focus on networking. Introduction: Recent studies shows that Information Technology and communication advances are responsible for significant amount of world electric power consumptions which ranges from 2% to 10%, that is one of the contributing factor for global warming, via gases release from greenhouse and from the growth of demand of internet applications and services. Therefore, for these reasons energy efficient and sustainable networking often called â€Å"Green Networking†, has become a hot issue in the last few years. Definition: Green Networking is the practice of selecting energy-efficient networking technologies and products, and minimizing resources use whenever possible. [1] All facets of Information Technology and Communication are under supervision, from energy-saving design of all networking devices, to strategies which reflect the entire network’s energy depletion in the planning, design, implementation and management points, to new approach for long-run sustainability of the networking which covers reformed attitudes of users’ as well as smart energy mowing techniques.This special concern on Green Networking intentions at providing revolutionary influences to the research and development of energy-efficient networking solutions and approaches for network sustainability. Motivation for research and review: There are many complexities in network, unnecessary traffic congestion, and more power wastages due to unnecessary idling of node at the current situation of networking.Therefore, I have used one research paper published on the subject and examining the viewpoints to the matter.To the paper, I have added an analysis section where I reflect on the paper value, and discuss important points listed in the paper on the subject. Green Networking With Packet Processing Engines: Modeling and Optimization Published on:14th February, 2013. IEEE Computer Society Authors: Raffaele Bolla, RobertoBruschi, Alessandro Carrega, and Franco Davoli With the goal of monitoring power consumption in metro/transport and main networks, the paper reflects energy-aware devices capable to shrink their energy chucks by adjusting their performance. In specific, the paper focuses on state-of-the-art packet processing engines, which normally characterize the most energy-consuming apparatuses of network devices, and that are often collected of a number of parallel pipelines to â€Å"divide and conquer† the received traffic load. The paper talk about goal to control both the power structure of pipelines and the way to issue traffic flows among them. The authors proposed an analytical model to precisely represent the impact of green network technologies (i.e., low power idle and adaptive rate) on network-aware and energy-aware performance indexes. The model has been confirmed with experimental consequences, accomplished by using energy-aware software routers loaded by real-world traffic traces. The attained outcomes determine how the p rojected model can successfully epitomize energy-aware and network-aware presentation indexes. The method goals at dynamically adjusting the energy-aware device structure to lessen energy consumption whereas handling with received traffic signals and gathering network performance limitations. In order to genuinely comprehend the impact of such policy, a number of experiments have been executed by using experimental data from software router designs and real-world traffic traces. Analysis: In this paper, the authors considered energy-aware network devices (e.g., routers, switches, etc.) able to trade their energy consumption for packet forwarding performance by means of both low power idle and adaptive rate schemes. The proposed analytical model is able to capture the impact of power management capabilities on network performance metrics. The analytical framework considers stochastic incoming traffic at the packet level with Long Range Dependency (LRD) properties. On the basis of the analytical model, authors have chosen the parameters characterizing the joint usage of Adaptive Rate(AR) and Low Power Idle(LPI) energy-aware capabilities by optimizing the desired tradeoff between energy consumption and Quality of Service(QoS) while at the same time enforcing the satisfaction of given upper bounds on both. Since the performance and cost indicators used in the optimization depend on incoming traffic volumes and statistical features (notably, burst inter-arrival time and av erage burst length), researchers repeat the optimization periodically under updated estimations of these quantities. The modeling and control framework has been validated experimentally by using a Linux-based open software router with AR and LPI primitives under traffic generated by real-world traces; the results demonstrate how the proposed model can effectively represent energy-aware and network-aware performance indexes. Therefore proposed model, is efficient and addressing green networking maintaining the Quality of Service (QoS) in the network. Green Strategies Traditionally, networking systems are designed and dimensioned according to principles that are inherently in opposition with green networking objectives: namely, over-provisioning and redundancy. On the other hand, due to the lack of Quality of Service (QoS) provision from the Internet architecture, over-provisioning is a common practice: networks are dimensioned to sustain peak hour traffic, with extra capacity to allow for unexpected happenings. As a result, through low traffic periods, over-provisioned networks are also over-energy-consuming. Furthermore, on behalf of resiliency and fault-tolerance, networks are also deliberate in a redundant manner. Devices are added to the structure with the sole purpose of taking over the duty when another device fails, which further adds to the overall energy ingesting. These objectives, drastically divergent to the environmental ones, make green networking an interesting, and technically challenging, research arena. A major change is indeed needed in networking research and development to introduce energy-awareness in the network design, deprived of compromising either the Quality of Service (QoS) or the network consistency. This section illustrates a few key paradigms that the network infrastructure can exploit to reach the green objectives formalized above. We individuate three classes of solution, namely resource consolidation, virtualization and  selective connectedness  [2]. These three categories represent three research directions, which may find further detailed applications in device and protocol design. Resource consolidation regroups all the dimensioning strategies to reduce the global consumption due to devices underutilized at a given time. Given that the traffic level in a given network approximately follows a well-known daily and weekly behavior [3], there is an opportunity to â€Å"adapt† the level of active over-provisioning to the current network conditions. In other words, the required level of performance will still be guaranteed, but using an amount of resources that is dimensioned for current network traffic demand rather than for the peak demand. This can, for example, be achieved by shutting down some lightly loaded routers and rerouting the traffic on a smaller number of active network equipment. Resource consolidation is already a popular approach in other fields, in particular data centers and CPU. Virtualization regroups a set of mechanisms allowing more than one service to operate on the same section of hardware, hence refining the hardware operation. It results in a lowered energy consumption, as long as a single machine under high load consumes less than several lightly loaded ones, which is generally the case. Virtualization can be applied to multiple kinds of resources, comprising network links, storage hardware, software resources, etc. A typical example of virtualization consists in sharing servers in data centers, thus reducing hardware costs, improving energy management and reducing energy and cooling costs, ultimately reducing data center carbon footprint. In the current context, virtualization has already been deployed with success: e.g., the US Postal Service has virtualized 791 of its 895 physical servers [4]. As virtualization is a more mature research field, we refer the interested reader to [5] for a detailed survey of virtualization techniques from a computer architecture perspective, and to [6] for a networking perspective. At the same time, it should be noted that a virtualization solution designed explicitly to reduce network energy consumption has yet to appear. Applying the same base concept, selective connectedness of devices, as outlined in [7], [8], consists in distributed mechanisms allowing single pieces of equipment to go idle for some time, as clearly as probable for the rest of the networked devices. If the consolidation principle relates to resources that are shared within the network infrastructure, selective connectedness allows instead to turn off unused resources at the edge of the network. For instance, edge nodes can go idle in order to avoid supporting network connectivity tasks (e.g., periodically sending heartbeats, receiving unnecessary broadcast traffic, etc.). These tasks may have to be taken over by other nodes, such as proxies, momentarily faking identity of sluggish devices, so that no essentialmodification is required in network protocols Conclusion: This article surveyed the efforts that the research community has been spending in the attempt to reduce the energy waste in fixed networks, which are usually denoted as â€Å"green networking†. I presented the importance of the issue, its definition and mainstream paradigms, and proposed a taxonomy of the relevant related work. Examining the state of the art, we observe that a few techniques are emerging, which can be roughly categorized as (i) resource consolidation, (ii) virtualization (iii) selective connectedness. It also emerges from my analysis that despite the relative youth of the green networking field, research in some of the above areas is already mature, with advanced standardization efforts and prototyping results. Finally, as the ultimate goal of networking is to provide services to end-users, the quality of such services and of the user experience is a topic that spans over all the previous branches. Indeed, while energy efficiency is becoming a primary issue, it shall never be neglected that the energy gain must not come at the price of a network performance loss. This delicate tradeoff arises from opposite principles: indeed, while networked systems have traditionally be designed and dimensioned according to principles such as overprovisioning and redundancy, green networking approaches praise opposite practices such as resource-consolidation and selective-connectedness. The challenge lays in this case in applying the latter principles in a way that is as transparent as possible to the user – in other words, avoiding that resource consolidation translates into congestion, or that selective connectedness translates into unreachability. While the first wave of green studies focused mor e on the achievable energy gain, we believe that a systematic evaluation of networking performance from the user-perspective should be undertaken as well. Indeed, in all branches interesting questions remain, which deserve precise quantitative answers: Finally, we believe that while, for the time being, techniques of different branches have been studied in isolation, future research should address the combined impact of different techniques as well. Indeed, even though each of the above techniques alone do not constitute serious threats for the QoS perceived by the end-user, however it is not guaranteed that the joint use of several technique will not raise unexpected behaviour. Due to the current rise in green networking research and attention, it cannot be excluded that, in a near future, users will run Energy Aware Applications, in a home equipped with a green set-top-box implementing Interface Proxying functionalities, and will access the Internet through an Internet Service Pro vider implementing Energy Aware Routing in devices interconnected by Adaptive Link Rate lines – which opens a number of interesting questions that are so far all unexplored. References: [1] â€Å"Discussion Definition of green networking,†http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/green-networking [2] â€Å"International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering,†http://ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/Volume_4/9_September2014/V4I9-0353.pdf [3] A. Qureshi, R. Weber, H. Balakrishnan, J. Guttag, and B. Maggs, â€Å"Cutting the Electric Bill for Internet-Scale Systems,† in Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications (SIGCOMM 2009), (Barcelona, Spain), Aug. 2009. [4] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Energy Star Program, â€Å"Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency Public Law 109-431,† Tech. Rep. , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Aug. 2007. [5] S. Nanda and T.-C. Chiueh, â€Å"A Survey on Virtualization Technologies,† Tech. Rep. TR179, Department of Computer Science, SUNY at Stony Brook, 2005. [6] N. M. Kabir Chowdhury and R. Boutaba, â€Å"A Survey of Network Virtualization,† Tech. Rep. CS-2008-25, University of Waterloo, Oct.2008. [7] K. Christensen, C. Gunaratne, B. Nordman, and A. D. George, â€Å"The Next Frontier for Communications Networks: Power Management,†Computer Communications, vol. 27, pp. 1758–1770, Dec. 2004. [8] M. Allman, K. Christensen, B. Nordman, and V. Paxson, â€Å"Enabling an Energy-Efficient Future Internet Through Selectively Connected End Systems,† in Proceedings of the Sixth ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets-VI), (Atlanta, Georgia, USA), Nov. 2007.

The Smacking of Children should be banned by Law :: Child Abuse Violence

I firmly believe that the smacking of children should be banned by law. For me, there is no real debate in this matter. Many parents abuse the right to smack their children, which can lead to severe consequences. Children grow up copying and learning from their parents from a young age. If parents drink and smoke, their children may want to copy them. If parents smack, their children will think that it is acceptable to be violent and will be more likely to smack their own children in the future. Surely the main consideration in this case is that, if parents choose to smack their children they are damaging them, not always physically but definitely psychologically. I don?t believe that smacking is in any way acceptable, as the smallest bit of violence against children could cause them to use it themselves when they are older. Today, the law states that parents are allowed to hit their children as long as they leave no mark, graze or bruise. There are constantly cases in the media, involving the abuse of the right to smack children in Northern Ireland. This is because parents have been abusing this right more frequently in the past couple of years. I believe the reason for this is that most children have been exposed to violence in their homes, which has led them to be violent in their future. It is a vicious circle. Also, by beating children we are telling them that it is acceptable to smack, which will create more violence in the future, therefore making the matter worse. In dealing with this issue can we ignore the fact that there is no debatable reason why it shouldn?t be made illegal? In everyday life, violence doesn?t need to be used to control children?s behaviour. Most parents say that they use smacking as a way of controlling their children when they are disobedient. For example, if a child kept reaching for an open fire even when they are repeatedly told not to by the parent, the parent would eventually resort to smacking the child. I think the better alternative to this situation would be to buy a fire guard. This way, the child would learn that the fire is out of bounds in a non-violent way. I believe smacking can affect children when they become adults in two ways. They could disagree with smacking their own children because they didn?

The Impact Of Employee Involvement And Participation On Organization Performance

Abstract The following research paper seeks to explore the correlation between employee involvement in decision-making processes within the organization and organization’s performance. The main focus remains to evaluate the existing academic literature to demonstrate evidence that employee involvement and participation initiatives produce tangible advantages for organizations. Hence, the research considers theoretical approaches towards the impact of employee participation on organization’s performance and examines empirical studies conducted on the subject stated above. The results of the following study are mixed. While chosen empirical cases show that direct forms of employee participation contribute to improved organization’s performance, such evidences have not been observed in reference to representative form of employee involvement. Introduction Over the past decades work reforms were implemented in order to guarantee humanistic patterns of work and to improve the quality of working life. As the global business environment started to become more competitive in the 1980s, major focus shifted towards the productivity and economic performance of the organizations. The organizations sought new avenues to gain competitive advantages over rival companies. According to the studies conducted in the 1980s by Gallup Organization, employees engaged in the company’s decision-making were more productive, customer-focused, profitable and more willing to stay and develop within the organization (Dicke, 2006). Hence, human capital started to be perceived as the company’s most important asset (Belanger, 2000). Currently a range of organizations including corporations, government agencies, schools and other non-profit organizations believe that employee involvement and participation are crucial to the good economic performance ( Boxal & Purcell 2011). Employee participation contributes to the organization’s efficiency in two ways. First, it increases employee’s productivity. Second, it increases the company’s capacity to react quickly to changing business environment. Therefore, employee involvement as a part of Human Resources Management (HRM) practices became a subject of numerous academic researches over the last decades. The scholars from various fields in industrial relations developed various approaches and models in order to provide new evidences on the linkage between HRM and business performance (Gonzales, 2009). The following research project examines the impact of employee involvement and participation on organization’s performance. First, the project defines a term ‘employment involvement and participation’ and demonstrates two concepts of measuring employee involvement. Further, the project discusses theoretical developments on the linkage between employee participation and organization’s performance. Finally, the project analyses empirical evidences of such relationships. The empirical study include the cases of direct and representative forms of employee participation. Employee involvement – definition Employee involvement, called also worker’s participation can be perceived as â€Å"a variety of processes and structures which enable, and at times encourage employees to directly and indirectly contribute to and influence decision-making in the firm and in the wider society† (Gonzales, 2009, p.8). The following definition indicates that there are various activities through which the employees can influence decision-making processes within the company. Generally, employee involvement can have a direct or indirect form. Direct involvement means that employees have an immediate influence on the decision-making processes within the company. Typical forms of direct involvement are employee surveys, team briefings, autonomous working groups or suggestion schemes (rewards for meeting company’s goals). Indirect involvement (representative involvement) means that a specific group which represents all employees is involved in the decision-making processes within the comp any. Common forms of indirect involvement are board representations, work councils or task forces (Eurofund, 2009). In turn, Gonzales (2009) classified employee involvement into three groups. These are informative, consultative and delegative participation. Informative participation refers to downwards communication within the organization. Employees have been given information top-down about the organization and its competitors, their own department or their individual performance. Information sharing includes open communication processes as well as information disclosure. Consultative participation regards various schemes developed by the management team to gain opinion of its employees and can have a form of individual meetings, team briefings and employees’ surveys. Delegative participation concerns various programmes which give employees capacity to make decisions on a particular set of issues and includes the forms such as problem-solving groups and semi-autonomous gro ups. Finally, Forth and Millward (2001) demonstrated three types of practices in reference to employee participation. These forms are individual supports (i.e. extensive information disclosure or specific training); task practices (i.e. quality circles or team work) and organizational supports (i.e. job security or employee share ownership). A number of models measuring employee involvement and participation have been developed over the past decades. One of the most important seems to be a model presented by Marchington (2005). He identified four core aspects of employee participation within the company: The degree of involvement: – this indicates the extent of involvement to which employees, either directly or through their representatives, may exert some form of influence on management decisions. Scope: – the scope of management decisions that are open to influence by subordinate employees may differ depending on the subject matter and may range from trivial to strategic decisions. The level: – the level at which the subordinates may be involved in management decisions varies substantially and can range from departmental level, through to division and headquarter level. Forms of participation: – participation may be direct or indirect. Direct participation refers to the face-to-face involvement while, indirect participation occurs when workers are represented by trade unions in workers’ council or high-level consultation committees and through collective bargaining. Another interesting model has been developed by Cox et.al. (2006). This model identified two dimensions of employee involvement, breadth and depth. Breadth regards a number of various employee involvement’s practices and programmes implemented in a work place. Using diversified but complementary schemes of employee participation leads to stronger impact on the company through mutual reinforcement. It also indicates that the management team aims to maximise the profits of employee participation. In turn, depth concerns the quality of employee involvement’s practices within the company. This measure indicates how embedded the employee participation’s practices are within the company. Both breadth and depth are important as they are strongly linked with organizational commitment and job satisfaction (Hayman & Mason 1995). That is, if employees’ views are taken into consideration and acted upon by the management, then they are more likely to demonstrate their commitment to the organization and indicate their satisfaction with their work. A major weakness of this measure is that the embeddedness of employee participation within the organization has often been assessed through management eyes rather than by analysing employee views on employee participation. Employee participation and company’s performance – theoretical approach The idea of employee participation as a part of Human Resources Management practices has been researched by a number of scholars who underlined significant benefits of employee involvement schemes on the company’s performance. Kanter (1982) postulated that participatory character of the decision-making processes within the organization brings more positive outcomes than bureaucratic structure, as it involves knowledge sharing between workers and managers. Workers seem to be better informed than their managers with regard to the products and services, processes and work tasks, as they are directly involved in these activities. Hence, their views and suggestions might be very valuable in developing company’s strategy and achieving enhanced performance. In turn, Lawler (1990) listed a number of various benefits of employee involvement within the company. He pointed out that employee participation leads to more efficient and innovative methods and procedures in a workplace and improves communication within the organization (between managers and workers as well as across work departments). Greater employee involvement results in higher job satisfaction and lower staff turnovers. Further, as employee participation concerns training and team work, it also leads to greater staff flexibility and higher job motivation. Additionally, high work motivation and better work methods determine increased rate of outputs and hence, contribute to the better quality of the products and services offered by the company. Finally, better communication and improved worker-management relations reduce a number of disputes and conflicts within the organization and help to resolve existing conflicts in the most effective way. All these factors contribute to i mproved performance of the organization. It is also important to add that Lawler identified various negative consequences associated with employee involvement. One of them are expectations created amongst the employees. These expectations usually concern organizational changes, personal self-development and career advancement opportunities. If the organization fails to meet these expectations, it will lead to dissatisfaction amongst workers. Employee participation causes also additional costs. Developing new skills is associated with additional costly trainings. In turn, accepting new responsibilities by the employee automatically requires an increased in salary of such an employee. Participatory character of decision-making is also slower than traditional style of leadership as it involves a significant number of people that have to accept the decision (Lawler, 1990). Markowitz (1996) underlines higher morale of the employees and their greater commitment to performed job as a consequence of increased participation in the decision-making processes. As employees have a decision-making power, they fulfill their duties more accurately. Higher productivity of the employees contributes to higher profits of the organization and greater stability within the industry (Jones, 2006). More recently, the effects of employee involvement were analysed by Appelbaum et.al (2000). Similarly like Lawler, the researchers emphasized the importance of information on the production (service) processes possessed by employees. The organization should aim to gain such knowledge from its employees in order to stay profitable. However, three conditions have to be met by the company to gain such knowledge. Employees need to be involved in substantive decisions. They are required to have specific skills and they need to be given appropriate work incentives. This approach indicated that employees cannot provide valuable information to the organization’s management if these conditions are not met. Additionally, employees are not willing to provide such information if they are not given appropriate incentives. Hence, this approach underlines the important of coherent and accurate HRM practices within the company (Jones, et.al., 2006). Grimsrud and Kvinge (2010) postulate that employee participation is associated with the features such as responsibility, control rights, rights on revenue and risk taking. The companies are characterized by the areas of joint interests of employers and employees as well as by the areas where the conflicting interests appear. In particular, the author focuses on two conflict areas. These are principle-agent problem and free-rider problem. Principle-agent issue concerns different approach of the organization (owners and management team) and employees towards the inputs of work and distribution of created outputs. While the organization aims to achieve higher labour productivity and higher value added and keep fixed salaries at the same time, employees intend to share higher profits. Free rider issue refers to the situation when the organization cannot monitor individual contribution of its employees to the organization’s development and hence, individual rewards of employees dep end on joint efforts. Hence, the organization tends to implement practices that will improve the productivity of employees, while employees seek to take advantage of such situation and gain additional benefits (i.e. higher return rights) in exchange of improved productivity. Employee participation and company’s performance – empirical evidences A number of scholars sought empirical evidences of the positive correlation between employee participation and organization’s performance. Some scholars based their analysis on the examples of a single organization (i.e. Jones, 2006) or selected industry (i.e. Sesil, 1999), while others examined the various businesses across the country (i.e. Guerrero and Barraud-Didier). Some researchers decided on a wider cross-country study (i.e. Gonzales, 2009; Grimsrud and Kvinge, 2010). Due to the scope of the following project, only key findings of selected empirical researches will be presented. At the individual company level, Bartel (2004) conducted research on HRM practices amongst the branches of large bank. He proved that recognition system and performance feedback were of key significance for employees of this bank. Implementing these particular HRM practices contributed to the increasd sales of loans (Gonzales, 2009). In turn, Jones et.al. (2006) examined the influence of innovative HRM practices on performance of a Finnish company in the retail services sector. They proved that employees who have been given opportunities to participate in decision-making process within the company, to receive solid information and to gain rewards were willing to increase their productivity. It is crucial to note that these HRM practices were implemented in settings where employee were characterized by low skills and were assigned relatively simple tasks. At the industry level, Sesil (1999) analysed the impact of employee participation and group incentives on the company’s performance in high technology industry in the UK. The research included 118 companies, primarily in electronics and engineering and concerned various aspects of employee participation such as quality involvement, presence of union, multi-skilling of employees, communication between employees and management, strategic planning and establishment plan. Additionally, the researcher examined the bonuses for employee as a form of group incentives. The research revealed that bonuses, quality involvement and multi-skilling had large positive effects on company’s outcomes, while other variables showed no impact on performance. Hence, these results indicated that there is strong correlation employee participation and the company’s performance. This effect is even stronger if the employee involvement is combined with group incentives. At the country level, Guerrero and Barraud-Didier (2004) focused on high-involvement practices and their impact on French firms. The research was based on the questionnaire conducted amongst 180 large companies in France. 57% of these companies originated in the industrial sector, while remaining 43% – in the services sector. The study concerned four major HRM practices, namely empowerment, compensation, communication as well as training and skills development. The following study revealed that empowerment was a key determinant of improved company’s performance, while communication and training had a minor effect on organizational results. In turn, compensation showed no influence on company’s outputs. The following study underlined that the company should ensure enriched and challenging activities in order to manage employee participation. Further, the study postulated that the companies should promote open communication and power sharing amongst management and employees in order to develop participatory style of leadership as this style contributes to better HRM within the company and improved company’s performance. In the cross-country context, Grimsrud and Kvinge (2010) conducted research on the economic impact of representative participation in eight countries[1]. The research took form of perception studies which means that â€Å"the respondents are asked to indicate whether different participation initiatives are believed to have an impact on different output measure† (Grimsrud and Kvinge, 2010, p. 149) and investigated various forms of representative participation such as work councils, trade unions or joint management – union committees. The following study showed very mixed results. Most of the analysis demonstrated that there was no correlation between employee participation and company’s productivity or such correlation was negative, while only several studies reported small positive productivity gains of employee participation. For instance, the study conducted on work councils amongst the German companies revealed that these councils had a positive impact on labo ur productivity while they influenced negatively company’s profitability. Similarly, the analysis of the Japanese companies showed a positive correlation between trade unions and labour productivity and negative correlation between trade unions and company’s benefits. Finally, the research amongst the British companies demonstrated that trade unions had a negative impact on productivity growth as well as on climate of relations between managers and employees at the workplace. Conclusions To sum up employee participation became a subject of theoretical debate and empirical analysis amongst the scholars. A number of researchers underlined positive correlation between employee involvement and organization’s performance. Precisely, employee participation (either direct or indirect) brings a valuable knowledge of products and services delivered by the organization and hence, contribute to the organization’s performance. Additionally, employee participation leads to higher job satisfaction and increased labour productivity as well as to lower staff rotation. These factors also determine organization’s success. On the other hand, some scholars stress various conflict areas within an organization (principle-agent issue; free rider problem) that might have a negative influence on the organization’s outputs. Three empirical cases presented in the following paper revealed that direct employee involvement in decision-making processes within an organization contributed to its better performance. Employee empowerment and information sharing as well as financial rewards seemed to be mainly responsible for this improved performance. Employees must thus be sought for ideas on how organizational performance and quality of product or service can be improved. There is the need for management to ensure existence of employment participation programmes and initiatives that contribute to employee involvement in decision-making processes. Not only should the emphasis be placed on the existence of such initiatives but also on the embeddedness of such initiatives within the organization. The evidence on strong correlation between employee participation and organization’s performance has not been found in reference to indirect forms of employee involvement. Although the following paper examined only one case of representative participation, this case included analysis across various countries and industries. This study revealed that employee participation had only minor positive impact on labour productivity while no effects (or negative effects) on overall company’s performance have been observed. Reference Belanger, J. (2000). The influence of employee involvement on productivity: a review of research. Hull: Human Resources Development Canada. Boxall, P. and J. Purcell (2011). Strategy and Human Resource Management. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Cox, A., S. Zagelmeyer and M. Marchington (2006). â€Å"Embedding employee involvement and participation at work†. In: Human Resource Management Journal, 16 (3), pp.250–267. Dicke, C. (2006). Employee engagement and change management. New York: CAHRS. Eurofund, (2009). Employee involvement [online] Available from: (Accessed on 14.05.2012). Forth, J. and Millward, N. (2001). â€Å"The impact of unions on pay levels in lower-skilled jobs†. National Institute Economic Review. 176, pp. 76-90. Gonzales, M. (2009). Worker’s involvement at the workplace and job quality in Europe. Edinburgh: RECWOWE Publications. Grimsrud, B, and Kvinge, T. (2010). Productivity Puzzles – should employee participation be an issueNordic Journal of Political Economy, 36, pp. 139-167. Guerro, S. and Barraud-Didier, V. (2004). High-involvement practices and performance f French firms. International Journal of Human Resources Management. 15(8). pp.1408-1423. Hyman, J & B. Mason (1995). Managing Employee Involvement and Participation. London: Sage. Jones, D., Kalmi, P. and Kauhanen, A. (2006). How does employee involvement stack upThe effects of Human Resources Management policies on performance in retail firm. New York: Cornell University ILR School. Kanter, R. (1982). Dilemma of Managing Participation. Organizational Dynamics. (summer). pp. 5-27. Lawler, E. (1990). High Involvement Management. Participative Strategies for Improving Organizational Performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Marchington, M. (2005). ‘Employee involvement: Patterns and explanations’. In: (ed.) Harley, B., J. Hyman and P. Thompson Participation and democracy at work. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Sesil, J. (1999). The impact of employee involvement and group incentives on performance in UK high technology establishments. New Jersey: School of Management and Labour Relations.

Free Essays on Juvenile Justice System

Title of Article: An Overview of the Juvenile Justice System Juvenile justice is the area of criminal law applicable to persons not old enough to be held responsible for criminal acts. In most states, the age for criminal culpability is set at 18 years. Juvenile law is mainly governed by state law and most states have enacted a juvenile code. The main goal of the juvenile justice system is rehabilitation rather than punishment. Juveniles can be transferred into adult court if the juvenile court waives or relinquishes its jurisdiction. State statutes creating juvenile courts and providing methods for dealing with juvenile delinquency have generally been upheld by courts as an acceptable extension of state police power to ensure the safety and welfare of children. The doctrine of parens patriae authorizes the state to legislate for the protection, care, custody, and maintenance of children within its jurisdiction. The federal role in the field has largely been that of a funder and standard setter. Congress passed the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act in 1968. This was later revised in 1972, and renamed the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act. The stated purpose of the act is to assist states and local communities in providing community based preventative services to youths in danger of becoming delinquent, to help train individuals in occupations providing such services, and to provide technical assistance in the field. The Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act defines juvenile delinquency (any act that is otherwise a crime, but is committed by someone under 18 years of age) and sets forth rules by which state laws must comply with regard to juvenile court procedures and punishments. In my opinion, Juveniles have an very easy system although it may be for the best that they receive this treatment. Juveniles need treatment so they won’t grow up or grow any longer with the behavior or rage of emotions they feel to... Free Essays on Juvenile Justice System Free Essays on Juvenile Justice System Title of Article: An Overview of the Juvenile Justice System Juvenile justice is the area of criminal law applicable to persons not old enough to be held responsible for criminal acts. In most states, the age for criminal culpability is set at 18 years. Juvenile law is mainly governed by state law and most states have enacted a juvenile code. The main goal of the juvenile justice system is rehabilitation rather than punishment. Juveniles can be transferred into adult court if the juvenile court waives or relinquishes its jurisdiction. State statutes creating juvenile courts and providing methods for dealing with juvenile delinquency have generally been upheld by courts as an acceptable extension of state police power to ensure the safety and welfare of children. The doctrine of parens patriae authorizes the state to legislate for the protection, care, custody, and maintenance of children within its jurisdiction. The federal role in the field has largely been that of a funder and standard setter. Congress passed the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act in 1968. This was later revised in 1972, and renamed the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act. The stated purpose of the act is to assist states and local communities in providing community based preventative services to youths in danger of becoming delinquent, to help train individuals in occupations providing such services, and to provide technical assistance in the field. The Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act defines juvenile delinquency (any act that is otherwise a crime, but is committed by someone under 18 years of age) and sets forth rules by which state laws must comply with regard to juvenile court procedures and punishments. In my opinion, Juveniles have an very easy system although it may be for the best that they receive this treatment. Juveniles need treatment so they won’t grow up or grow any longer with the behavior or rage of emotions they feel to...

The eNotes Blog Shakespeare in His Time New Audio Guides for AuthenticPronunciation

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