World Hunger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World Hunger - Essay Example Poor people do not have ample resources such as land, tools and money that are needed for growth and consistently purchase food for regular nourishment ("Hunger Facts"). Another reason cited for world hunger is the persistence of drought particularly in the African region. According to the UN Chronicle, drought is the single most common cause of severe food shortages in African developing nations that experience the driest seasons. This condition is compounded by the prevalence of poverty and political turmoil in these countries. As mentioned, political strife or armed conflicts are also regarded to cause world hunger. Wars disrupt agricultural production, which is the primary source of food ("Hunger Facts"). It should be noted that based on studies conducted by Food First, there is sufficient agricultural capacity on earth to feed the all people ("Wikipedia"). However, problems relative to hunger arise because of the disruption in distribution networks. For instance, should there be wars the distribution of food aid and imports is restricted, thus, hunger results.

Rebecca and the Short Story the Tell-Tale Heart Convey Gothic Themes Essay Example for Free

Rebecca and the Short Story the Tell-Tale Heart Convey Gothic Themes Essay The Gothic genre is a style of film and literature that expresses themes of madness, death, darkness, romance and obsession. Although Rebecca and The Tell- Tale Heart are fitted to the Gothic genre, the composers have conveyed similar themes in different ways. Obsession in Rebecca is that of Mrs Danvers, who is obsessed to the point it drives her mad. She would do anything to bring Rebecca back. Whereas in Poe’s short story the narrator is so obsessed with the eye of an old man he would do anything, including commit murder to get rid of it. Alfred Hitchcock’s film, Rebecca is a psychological thriller that uses cinematic techniques such as pathetic fallacy, characterization, motifs and lighting to convey gothic themes of madness and obsession. In contrast, Edgar Allen Poe’s short story The Tell- Tale Heart uses literary techniques such as narration and figurative language to successfully convey these same themes. While both composers convey Gothic themes of madness and obsession they communicate each with different techniques. Also the characters that they have created are portrayed as dealing with madness and obsession very differently. In the film Rebecca, the different characters Max and Mrs Danvers are used to explore the Gothic theme of madness. Hitchcock manipulates the frame in key scenes, by making Max’s body language suggest his nervousness, worry, anger and the need to ease himself. Max goes on to acknowledge, â€Å"Perhaps I am mad†. This declaration sums up the theory that something bothers Max, and that it is obviously taking a toll on him. Hitchcock depicts the sincere and loyal personality of Max as hiding something which changes his personality and domineering status. This is used to explore the gothic theme of madness and the effects that it has on Max. However, Mrs Danvers’ obsession leads her to commit acts of madness. Towards the end of the film Mrs Danvers burns down the mansion while she is still inside, inevitably killing herself in an attempt to bring justice to the long dead Rebecca. The final scene of the burning mansion and the screaming Mrs Danvers is symbolic of her madness, which was dangerous and not dissimilar from satanic worship. Poe’s The Tell- Tale Heart, also explores the gothic theme of madness. By writing in first person, Poe makes the story very narrow, as it fits only the narrator’s thoughts and reasoning. The narrator repeatedly claims he is not mad and that it is not madness that drives him, but instead it is the right thing to do. But he continues to question, â€Å"How then, am I mad? † Although there is only one point of view throughout the story, the narrator seems to talk to readers. He tries to persuade readers who are essentially his conscience that he is sane. Rather than convincing readers that he is sane, he verifies that he is indeed mad. By writing in first person, it is easy to understand what is going through the narrator’s mind. He emphasizes his madness and denial. Towards the end of the story the narrator behaves as if he is haunted and guilty, â€Å"I could bear those hypocritical smiles no longer†. He begins to imagine things that aren’t really there and reaches the point at which he can no longer hide his secret. Hence he is essentially confessing in the hope of freeing his conscience. Poe’s character is one who denies madness, whereas Hitchcock’s character embraces the idea. In addition, both Hitchcock and Poe successfully convey the Gothic theme of obsession. Hitchcock develops the menacing and lingering Mrs Danvers as a conniving character with an unnatural adoration for Rebecca. This is made apparent when Mrs De Winter catches Mrs Danvers in the room of Rebecca. The room has been kept to the precise orders of the late Rebecca. Mrs Danvers admiringly recounts all Rebecca had requested, â€Å"I kept her furs in here†¦ Put it against your face. It’s soft isn’t it? You can feel it can’t you? The scent is still fresh isn’t it? † The relationship between Mrs Danvers and the late Rebecca quickly escalates to become one that transgresses the normal. Mrs Danvers continues to hold onto the obsessive relationship and twisted love she shared with Rebecca. Mrs Danvers still longs for Rebecca who is no longer alive. The tone and language that Mrs Danvers uses when speaking to Mrs De Winter is short and proper. She seems to deliberately want to make Mrs De Winter feel uneasy with herself and incomparable to Rebecca. Even though Rebecca is dead, she is an increasingly large figure throughout the film. Her power is not drawn physically, but from the relationship she had with Mrs Danvers and the loyalty Mrs Danvers has for her. With the presence of Mrs Danvers, and the motif of her ‘R’ embroidery, there is a heavy feeling of Rebecca still being alive and never going away. The obsession that Mrs Danvers has for Rebecca may not be one of violence and hate, but it is still menacing, off-putting and frightening, right up to the end. The obsession in Poe’s short story and Hitchcock’s film both end similarly. The main character from The Tell- Tale Heart has an unhealthy obsession just like Mrs Danvers, â€Å"It haunted me day and night†¦ I think it was the eye! Yes it was this! † After ridding himself of the eye, a motif on the narrator’s obsession which is similar to the motif of Rebecca, his obsession has only shifted to concealing the crime he has committed. The narrator focuses all his power and attention to an eye, which causes him much annoyance, and an unbearable need to destroy it. His obsession with the eye and how it makes him feel, leads him to agree with himself in that it must be stopped. It is as if his obsession clouds his judgment of what is right and wrong. Even though Poe conveys the old man as how the narrator sees him, a reader can interpret the true nemesis as being the narrator. Poe conveys the narrator’s obsession by emphasizing every thought that has crossed his mind and how he spends much time and energy, taking care to deal with his obsession and fear. Eventually Poe’s character like Max also tries to conceal his crime but ends with a guilty confession. In conclusion, the key characters of Rebecca and The Tell- Tale Heart all portray the Gothic themes of madness and obsession. Each character plays a different role; Mrs Danvers is drawn up as a conniving madwoman who meets her deserved death. In contrast, Poe’s character is mad from the beginning as a result of an unhealthy obsession. He meets his own end voluntarily as he confesses his guilt.

Comparing On the Road and Easy Rider :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Parallels in On the Road  and Easy Rider  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Released more than a decade apart, Kerouac's On the Road and Dennis Hopper's Easy Rider are replete with parallels. Both depict characters whose beliefs are not quite uniform with those of society; in both cases these characters set out in search of "kicks" but become part of something larger along the way. More importantly, these two texts each comment insightfully on the culture of their respective times. But all these similarities become superficial in the face of the inherent differences between the two. In pre-Beat Generation America, anyone who looked could find a whole society of people who, for the most part, were afraid to do the things they dreamed, unable to break from conformity. Kerouac saw this all around him, and with On the Road, he responds. He presents a tale of those who flee conformity successfully and without any significant negative consequences. Clearly, his audience consists of members of society who remain content with conventional societal norms, who are too squeamish to do what they want. To them he argues that they ought to assert their personal identity rather than be bound by an imposed social one, that they ought to follow their own desires rather than succumb to society's. This argument comes in multiple forms; criticisms by Dean are such a form. At one point he cries: "the moment it comes time to act, this paralysis, scared, hysterical, nothing frightens em more than what they want" (Kerouac 215). He also complains: "offer them what they secretly want and they of course immediately become panic- stricken" (Kerouac 209). These statements are part of Kerouac's argument in their critique of society's fearful attitude toward achieving desires. Sal reiterates the argument to disregard social identity when he accuses a girl he meets of an "emptiness. . .that reached back generations and generations in her blood from not having done what was crying to be done. . .'What do you want out of life?' I wanted to take her and wring it out of her" (Kerouac 243). But Kerouac's strongest argument of all for individual freedom seems to come from example. In On the Road, Sal and Dean live an amazing adventure together. Sure, they get pulled over a few times, but no real harm comes to them from any of their wild escapades. Apparently they are untouchable.

Mock Exam Constitutional Law B

Constitutional Law Exam (Practice) N. B. The questions in this exam are taken, in part, from the tutorial questions – but expanded. Question One: The Commonwealth government passes a tax act on coal which is 10% tax on the sale of coal. The act also deals with regulations on the way coal is mined in states. If a coal company heeds all the regulations the government will increase the amount of funding given to the States for all its projects. The tax will increase the price of coal sold interstate as the companies attempt to offset the tax increase. The act also provides provisions for new mining companies that set up in ‘country towns’ will pay only 7% of the tax – this is part of its decentralised sustainable planning policy. To encourage people to go and work in these country towns and to encourage other businesses also the act adjusts the income tax rate for people who work in the mines and live in the country. It also prescribes a reduction in HECS and education costs for miners with children who attend university/school. †¢Is there a head of power to support these laws? If yes, †¢Is the Act constitutionally valid? Issues for concern: Multi-characterisation: †¢S 51(20) – Corporations power – ‘trading corporation’ –Adamson’s activities test etc. †¢S 51(1) – Trade and Commerce. †¢S 51(2) – Taxation power. †¢S 51(39) – Incidental Power. Constitutional Limitations: †¢S 51(2) does it discriminate between States? – s51(2) – issue of non-coal mining tax compared to coal mining states – Tasmania v Queensland †¢Regulations – cleaner technology – more funding from federal government gives preference to mining States – Tasmania v Queensland – possible breach of s 99? The coal tax act must deal exclusively with tax anything else [regulations] shall have no effect: s 55. So notwithstanding s 99 breaches may have no effect through s 55 anyway. †¢Section 92 – in effect the laws impact on the ‘absolutely free’ intercourse of trade between states à ¢â‚¬â€œ increase in prices. †¢Section 117 – tax reduced to 7% or new business setting up in country towns; adjustment of income tax rates in for country towns – and educational benefits – discrimination between the residences of States. Question Two: The Federal Government makes a regulation in the immigration legislation in relation to that claiming refugee status. It states that the applications of those who come from Middle Eastern countries should not be processed for six months. The Government argues these rules are necessary because the situation in those countries is unsettled, and it is difficult for them to properly assess claims of persecution at this time. The new regulations also prevent the renewal of all working visas for Middle Eastern people, and require immediate deportation of people whose visas have expired. The new regulations also require that those of Islamic faith (from Middle-Eastern countries) must identify themselves with a patch sewn on their clothes and any mosque must be registered with the Australian Federal Police. The regulations prescribe that the accounting books of these mosques are audited every two months. There has been a great deal of protest over these new laws and so the government has also passed regulation that attempts to retard the more aggressive protestors by imposing mandatory prison sentences for those people cause grievous bodily harm to police officers in protesting, or cause damage to cars/buildings or other property. †¢Is there a head of power to support these laws? If yes, †¢Is the Act constitutionally valid? Issues for concern: Multi-characterisation: †¢S 51(19) – Alien power. †¢S 51(26) – Race. S 51(2) – Emigration or Immigration. †¢S 51(39) – Incidental Power. †¢S 51(6) – Defence Power (not an issue for the exam – but noteworthy). Constitutional Limitations: †¢Breach of freedom of religion s 116. †¢Implied freedom of political communication †¢Possibly an issue of Separation of Powers – Kable – (not an issue for the exam – but noteworthy). Question Three: The F ederal Government makes regulation to stimulate the economy and then begins issue handouts to business in the Eastern States, as well as Eastern State Governments. They argue that because Eastern States contribute the most to our economy their economies are more important coming out of a recession. †¢Is there a head of power to support these laws? If yes, †¢Is the Act constitutionally valid? Issues for concern: Multi-characterisation: †¢S 96 – Grants to the States. †¢S 81 – Appropriations – head of power for this section: †¢S 51(20) – Corporations power – ‘trading corporation’ –Adamson’s activities test etc. †¢S 51(1) – Trade and Commerce. S 51(39) – Incidental Power. Constitutional Limitations: †¢Section 99 – preference to States. †¢Section 117 – residence. Question Four: (Essay Question) Are rights in Australia sufficiently covered by the Constitution; even when rights have been provided for – right to trial by jury – they have been narrowly construed to circumvent their application? Should this happe n? Is a bill of Rights need in our constitutional regime? Are implied rights sufficient. Discuss – with reference to examples.

Energy Situation In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Pakistan has been enduring from energy crisis since the last few old ages, which has earnestly affected its people. The power sector of Pakistan suffers from a serious deficit of up to 5000MW ( USAID Pakistan: Energy Efficiency and Capacity, 2012 ) .The spread between demand and supply has been invariably widening. Peoples are passing insomniac darks in summer. Load casting has become an issue of all the people. Where the rich people can afford UPS and generators, the hapless 1s can merely afford to bear the effects of power outage. Apart from personal jobs of the people, acute power outages have earnestly paralyzed the commercial and economic activities in the state and are making many hurdlings in development of the state. If we examine the present energy profile of Pakistan, it is run intoing its energy demands from different beginnings. Pakistan is bring forthing 48 per centum of its electricity from gas, 33 per centum from hydel power, 17 per centum from oil, two per centum from atomic and one per centum from coal. If we examine the figures, it is clear that Pakistan is underutilizing its natural resources to bring forth electricity. We have failed to work those resources that nature has bestowed upon us. We have non decently tapped our natural resources, even though we could hold met our energy crisis by making that and it is clip we look at this facet with unfastened eyes before the state of affairs gets wholly out of manus doing the hereafter coevalss to endure the rough effects.Energy used by Pakistan and spread between its demand and supply:Energy usage refers to utilize of primary energy before transmutation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to autochthonal production plus imports and sto ck alterations, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international conveyance ( TheWorldBank, 2012 ) . In footings of per capita ingestion Pakistan ranks comparatively low – 164 out of 217 states ( CIAWorldFactbook, 2003-2011 ) . Energy utilizations and national income per capita are straight related, because energy ingestion is critical to the development of an industrial economic system. In malice of being at the lower terminal of the word-wide energy devouring spectrum, Pakistan faces serious troubles in carry throughing its energy demands due to even lesser supply than the demand of energy. The Government estimates that energy demand will go on to turn during the following two decennaries, with Pakistan necessitating an estimated extra 35,000 MW of power coevals capacity by 2020. Based on the analysis, the expected new power coevals build out will be about 7,700 MW of extra capacity by 2020, go forthing a spread of over 27,000 MW. In a nutshel l, supply rate is neglecting to maintain in sync with the increasing demand rate owing to industrialisation, growing in agribusiness and services sectors, urbanisation, lifting per capita income and electrification of rural and urban countries.Possible solutions to the job of Energy crisis:In order to do up for the shortage and acquire the state out of a serious energy crisis that it is soon facing, both short-run and long-run policy enterprise are needed that enhance the state ‘s capacity to run into its demands. The possible solutions to the energy deficit can be divided into three chief types:1. Conservation of present energy beginningsThis includes cut downing inordinate ingestion of electricity and hence conveying down the demand for energy. This is short term step that can significantly cut down on the burden during peak demand periods by salvaging electricity. Conservation includes alterations in life style as good installing of energy efficient devices, edifice pattern s and electricity distribution and direction programs that optimize the supply when the demand is at its extremum.2. Importing more energyAnother option to assist increase the energy base of the state is depending on more imported fuel. At present Pakistan meets 75 % of its energy demands by domestic resources including gas, oil and hydroelectricity production. Merely 25 % energy demands are being managed through imports. Presently, programs are underway for importing gas from cardinal Asia. However, this scenario is besides certain to hold a negative impact on Pakistan ‘s balance of payments and hence a more reliable and sustainable beginning of energy is required.3. Investing in autochthonal renewable and non renewable energy beginningsThe 3rd option for Pakistan is developing its autochthonal capacity to use the untapped potency of its fuel militias. There is important room for development in all resources including oil, gas, coal and hydel – provided that the profic ient and commercial restraints associated with the public-service corporation of these resources are overcome.Coal as a new enterprise for Pakistan:Despite being a non-renewable energy beginning, surveies indicate that coal is traveling to play a really important function in the planetary energy scenario during the following two centuries. Harmonizing to an IEA study, coal usage is likely to turn from 41 % to 44 % , as a beginning for power coevals, by 2030 due to energy security and monetary value volatility. On the other manus, the portion of coal as a beginning of electricity bring forthing fuel in Pakistan bases at a meager 0.1 % in comparing to the universe norm of 41 % . Given the crisp rise in the oil monetary values in the international market every bit good as the fast depletion of Pakistan ‘s gas militias due to increased demand, it is imperative that Pakistan look towards alternate beginnings of energy including coal. There are a figure of advantages pointed out in favour of this development. These include: Abundance and security of supply. Energy denseness comparable to other beginnings of thermic power. Relatively easier to develop. The excavation and power production engineerings exist and merely an infrastructural development is required prior to their execution Handiness of clean coal engineerings and ways to minimise environmental jeopardies These are the grounds why Pakistan looks towards inventing a feasible scheme for the development of its coal militias at Thar.THARPARKAR COAL MINES:The majority of Pakistan ‘s autochthonal coal resources lie in Sindh. The largest modesty, 175 billion metric tons of lignite coal, is located in the Thar Desert of Sindh. Thar coal is yet to be developed for excavation and power coevals. The development of the Thar resources would supply. The electricity coevals potency of 100,000 MW based on estimated ingestion of 536 million metric tons of coal per twelvemonth, could be a important fuel resource used for proviso of coal base burden capacity in the system supplementing gas based capacity. Further, usage of Thar militias for power coevals would assist in cut downing inordinate trust on imported fuel thereby cut downing the force per unit area of balance of payments in the state. The entire estimated militias in Thar field including measured and conjectural are about 175 billion met ric tons. The existent mensural militias are 2.7 billion tones, the oil equivalent of which is 6.59 billion barrels. The oil equivalent of 175 billion metric tons of coal is about 427 billion barrels. The coal Fieldss cover a entire country of over 9000 sq.km in the Tharparkar desert. The field is covered by sand dunes that extend to an mean deepness of 80 metres. Below that is a bed of sandstone and siltstone which extends from 11m to 127m in thickness. Further underneath are variable sedimentations of clay rock resting on the Bara formation in which coal is embedded. The beds of coal scope in thickness from 0.20m to 22.81m ; the maximal thickness widening up to 36m in certain topographic point. The coal seam itself is present at a deepness of between 114-203m. The chief beginning of H2O in Thar is groundwater. The groundwater is present in three chief aquifers at changing deepnesss. The mean deepnesss are 50m, 120m and more than 200m which means that at least one aquifer is located in the coal bearing zone and will back up the mining/extraction processes ( GovernmentofSind, 2008 ) .Quality of CoalCoal quality and its contents have serious effects on the efficiency of the power w orkss in which it is used and besides on the grade of pollution that is created as a effect of electricity coevals. The coal found in Thar is lignite holding a lower warming value as compared to other types which makes it suited for electricity coevals. Its power coevals capacity is 10,289 MW. The brown coal at Thar has a heating value of 6200 – 11,000Btu/lb. Other of import constituents of the coal and their proportion are: Carbon ( 19.35-22 % ) , Ash ( 5.18-6.56 % ) , Moisture ( 43.24-49.01 % ) , Volatile affair ( 26.5-33.04 % ) and Sulphur ( 0.92-1.34 % ) .Production of electricity from coal:Some of the methods of production of electricity from coal are as follows:Pulverized Fuel ( PF ) engineering:In this procedure, coal is reduced to ticket pulverization signifier, stored and so transported by air to the burner as coal air mixture for burning. This method involves direct combustion of the coal to bring forth heat that is used to bring forth steam from H2O to turn conventional steam turbines. It is a straightforward technique but direct combustion of coal increases the external costs of energy by let go ofing nursery gases and other toxic oxides and fouling particulate affair into the ambiance in big sums. The efficiency of such a system is merely approximately 33 % .Fluidized Bed Combustion ( FBC ) engineering:Fluidized-bed burning ( FBC ) engineering is a type of burning procedure in which the solid coal is suspended on jets of air. In this manner, more efficient commixture of gas and solids occurs, taking t o more efficient heat transportation. The low temperature demand for burning reaction is one of the primary advantages because it reduces the formation of toxic azotic oxide. Additionally, FBC engineering causes inexpensive and easy remotion of sulfur dioxide during burning in comparing with the â€Å" stack scrubber † engineering. Furthermore, add-on of other solid fuels ( such as biomass ) along with the coal can besides be supported by FBC into the reaction mixture.ACoal Gasification ( CG ) technology/IGCC:IGCCA ( Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle ) A with Carbon Capture and Storage ( CCS ) engineering allows coal to be used to bring forth power as flawlessly as natural gas. IGCC engineering has three basic constituents. In the gasification stage, heat, force per unit area, pure O and H2O are used to interrupt char down into its constituent parts and change over it into a clean man-made gas ( syngas ) .The syngas is cleaned before it can be converted into utility natural gas ( SNG ) which finally fuels the power turbines. Staying particulates are removed from the syngas in the particulate scrubber. Carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) by adding steam in displacement vas. The gasification procedure makes it possible to capture most of the quicksilver, sulfurA and C dioxide ( CO2 ) in the syngas. The captured CO2A will be transported via grapevine for usage in enhanced oil recovery or storage in a saline geologic reservoir. The IGCC works so converts the syngas into utility natural gas ( SNG or methane ) , through a procedure called methanation. The SNG, which is comparatively high in energy content, powers two gas turbines. Excess heat contained in the fumes from those turbines so heats H2O to power a steam turbine. The higher energy content of the SNG ( as compared with syngas ) improves the efficiency of the power production. This combined rhythm ends up heightening the power works ‘s efficiency up to 60 % .Gasification is the engineering that most power workss are switching towards global and Thar Coal development is besides expected to construct IGCC workss for an environmental friendly procedure of coevals of electricity.The electricity to be produced from the coal gas would be about Rs. 4 per unit.Environmental Analysis:The beginnings of air pollution from coal based power workss fall include C emanations, particulate affair and other nursery gases and toxic oxides. Carbon emanations and ot her green house gases such as methane and N oxides are of import from the clime alteration perspective whereas toxic oxides and volatile particulate affair pose wellness jeopardies if the human population is exposed to certain degrees. In add-on to these quicksilver and other heavy metals are released which are linked with both neurological and developmental harm in worlds and other animate beings. Fly ash and underside ash are residues created when coal is burned at power workss. In the yesteryear, fly ash was released into the air through the smokestack, but now most of it is captured by pollution control devices, like scrubbers. The chief beginning of groundwater pollution is from the belowground processes that are carried out in the locality of aquifers in order to pull out coal or syngas. This affects the quality of groundwater and besides reduces its measure. It should be kept in head that land H2O is the lone beginning of H2O for the people of Thar. Dirt and Land pollution is a consequence of the excavation procedure itself as it may go forth the land non useable for agricultural or business by life because of drastic alterations in the surface or deposition of harmful affair in the dirt.Clean coal engineering and cut downing the harmful impacts of coal excavation:Clean coal technologyA is a aggregation of engineerings being developed to cut down the environmental impacts ofA coalA energy coevals. Some clean coal engineerings purify the coal before it burns. One type of coal readying is coal rinsing. It removes unwanted minerals by blending crushed coal with a liquid and leting the drosss to divide and settle. Other systems control the coal burn to minimise emanations of S dioxide, N oxides and particulates.A Wet scrubbers, or flue gas desulfurization systems, take S dioxide, a major cause of acid rain, by spraying flue gas with limestone and H2O. Low-NOx ( nitrogen oxide ) burnersA cut down the creative activity of N oxides by curtailing O and pull stringsing the burning process.A Electrostatic precipitatorsA take particulates that aggravate asthma and do respiratory complaints by bear downing atoms with an electrical field and so capturing them on aggregation home bases. GasificationA avoids firing coal wholly. With incorporate gasification combined rhythm ( IGCC ) systems, steam and hot pressurized air or O combine with coal in a reaction that forces C molecules apart. The resultingA syngas, a mixture of C monoxide and H, is so cleaned and burned in a gas turbine to do electricity. Carbon gaining control and storageA is the most promising clean coal engineering. In order to detect the most efficient and economical agencies ofA C gaining control, research workers have developed several engineerings. One of them, flue-gas separation is a technique thatA removes CO2 with a dissolver, strips off the CO2 with steam, and condenses the steam into a concentrated watercourse. The CO2A can so be sequestered, which puts CO2A into storage, perchance belowground, in such a manner that it will stay at that place for good. Flue gas separation besides renders commercially useable CO2. Another procedure, A oxy-fuel burning, burns the fuel in pure or enriched O to make a flue gas composed chiefly of CO2 and H2O which saves the energy required for dividing the CO2 from other flue gasses. A 3rd engineering, A pre-combustion gaining control, removes the CO2 before it ‘s burned as a portion of a gasification procedure. The CO2 removed can be stored in geologic or pelagic reser voirs from where it ca n't come in the ambiance. A DepletedA oilA or gas Fieldss and deep saline aquifers safely contain CO2 while deep belowground coal seams absorb it. A procedure calledA enhanced oil recoveryA already uses CO2 to keep force per unit area and better extraction in oil reservoirs. All signifiers of CO2 storage require careful readying and monitoring to avoid making environmental problemsA Reuse and recycling can besides cut down coal ‘s environmental impact. Land that was antecedently used for coal excavation can be reclaimed for utilizations like airdromes, landfills, and golf classs. Waste merchandises captured by scrubbers can be used to bring forth merchandises like cement and man-made gypsum for drywall.

Traffic Safety.

Traffic Safety. Regardless of what many people may think, traffic safety is the most important thing when it comes to cars. Many people who have disobeyed traffic laws, which exist for the safety of everyone, have ended up dead or killing innocent people. The United States has an average of 42,000 car crash related deaths a year. To be a safe driver =, one must know proper car maintenance, as well as safety specifications while outside the car, inside the car, or driving a car.When a person is outside the car, walking on the street, he must follow a couple of basic laws. one of these laws has been taught to you by your parents, which tells you to look both ways before crossing a road. The second law is not to distract other drivers while driving. By distracting other drivers, you may cause them to collide with other cars or pedestrians.English: My mother took this picture after my car ...When a person enters a car he must at least check if the signals, breaks, and mirrors work before he starts to dr ive. This is very important because the signals can distract other drivers, faulty brakes can cause you to collide with another vehicle or pediistrian, and sub-standard mirrors may not be able to cover blind spots. The most important thing to do before starting to drive a car is to buckle your seatbelts. Seatbelts are there for your own safety. If you should be in a head on car accident, and you are not wearing your seatbelt, you can fly through the window causing you to suffer brain damage or even dying.When a person is on the road driving, he must use common sense and follow a set of laws to ensure that the person and everyone around him are not hurt. He must follow a set...

The 11 Best Pre-Med Schools to Help You Become a Doctor

The 11 Best Pre-Med Schools to Help You Become a Doctor SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Choosing an undergraduate school is the first major step any student will make on the path to becoming a physician. If you’re an aspiring pre-med, you'll want to give yourself the best opportunities and support networks in college and beyond. Applying to (and succeeding in) medical school is a grueling process, so you’ll need to be prepared. Here, I’ll talk about what actually makes a school good for pre-meds before getting into the good stuff: the list of best pre-med schools. What Makes a School Good for Pre-Meds? 6 Key Factors Pre-med students need a lot of specialized resources and opportunities as undergraduates in order to boost their med school applications. It’s important that aspiring physicians attend schools that aren’t only highly ranked but that also provide unique support to pre-meds. In creating this list of best pre-med schools, I considered the following six factors (as you should, too, when deciding on a school!). Factor 1: Medical Schools Admissions History This is perhaps the most obvious and most important factor to consider before applying to college. Various specialized resources for pre-meds are great, but what really matters (and what keys you in to whether these resources are effective or not) is the percentage of pre-med students from that college who actually end up in medical school. The problem is that not all undergraduate institutions make this information easily available, and if they do, the numbers might be artificially inflated. For instance, they might not count students who start off as pre-med but don’t fulfill all the requirements. Or they might attempt to "weed out" weaker students from the pre-med track with difficult classes. That being said, here are some steps you can take to get a general sense of a school’s med school admissions history: Start with online research to see whether any stats are available for the colleges you’re interested in. Try searching "[School Name] pre-med admissions" on Google. Look into class profiles of med schools you’re interested in. For example, Tulane's School of Medicine's latest class profile lists the major colleges and universities its students come from; these include Tulane, UCLA, Emory, UVA, and LSU. This isn't the norm, however, as many med school class profiles don't contain information about undergraduate institutions. Whenever available, I included med school admissions stats in the descriptions below. If I could find stats only from unreliable sources, I did not include them on the list. Factor 2: Pre-Med Advising There are a lot of requirements and activities to keep track of when preparing for medical school applications- something you’ll be thinking about starting as a freshman in college (or perhaps even earlier). Special pre-med advising programs are really helpful when it comes to making sure you’re on the right track. Knowledgeable pre-med advisors and mentors should be able to prepare you for all aspects of the application process, including course and major selection, application development, and interview preparation. The more intensive the advising resources, the better prepared you’ll be for your med school applications. Factor 3: Research and Publication Opportunities You’ll need research experience in some sort of STEM lab for med school applications. The earlier you start your research and the more research you do, the more impressive you’ll look to medical schools. Well-funded research institutions will often have many opportunities for undergrads to get involved in labs simply because more research is happening. And more research means more opportunities for you to get your name on a paper or two, which is a big plus for your CV. You’ll notice that most of the schools on this list are very highly ranked research powerhouses with excellent medical schools- this is no coincidence. The same research funding, facilities, and faculty that make a med school great also help make a school great for pre-meds. Factor 4: Clinical Experience Opportunities You don’t just need research experience for your med school apps- you also need work in clinical settings. Oftentimes, you’ll have to get this experience through volunteer work, such as at a clinic or nursing home. If you’re in an area with limited clinical environments, it’ll be tough to get the experience you need, especially if you have to compete with other pre-meds. Med schools want to see that you’ve spent time in the field- make sure your school of choice offers opportunities for you to gain this experience. Factor 5: Rigor of Curriculum You might not be excited at the prospect of seeking out tough courses on purpose, but a rigorous curriculum will ensure you’re prepared for both the MCAT and medical school. Schools that are tough on their premeds will ultimately produce stronger med school applicants, which is a good thing considering that less than half of all pre-med applicants end up in medical school! Factor 6: Pre-Med Major vs Pre-Med School Most colleges and universities don’t actually have a dedicated pre-med major. At these schools, students are responsible for meeting their general education requirements, their major requirements, and their pre-med requirements. As you might expect, many of the best schools for pre-meds don’t have a specific pre-med major. That being said, they do have strong biological and physical sciences departments. (In fact, many students choose these majors because there’s a lot of overlap with pre-med requirements.) The Best Pre-Med Schools, Ranked College rankings are helpful when starting your college search, but no ranking list is perfect since there’s no way to come up with an officially objective system that applies to all students. In an effort to be as transparent as possible, I’ve compiled this list of the best pre-med schools using the factors described above. Keep in mind that these schools are all stellar options, and the ranking numbers themselves aren’t particularly important. What matters more is how these schools might or might not fit your college criteria. Now, let's take a look at the best med schools! #1: Harvard Harvard’s Office of Career Services estimates that 17% of any one of its classes will apply to med school- that's a huge fraction of the student body! Pre-med applicants with a 3.5 GPA or higher had a 93% acceptance rate to med schools in 2013, whereas average acceptance rates that year were about 42%. Harvard College offers a peer pre-med advising program in which students are assigned a pre-med tutor sophomore through senior year. Harvard University houses the #1 ranked medical school in the US and also boasts extremely strong biological sciences departments. There are several affiliated teaching hospitals nearby, too (which are great for both research and clinical experience). #2: Johns Hopkins Johns Hopkins is well reputed as a very highly ranked med school and medical research institution, which means you'll have numerous research and clinical opportunities. You’re sure to have access to impressive resources, as the university is affiliated with one of the best teaching hospitals in the country. Undergraduates at Johns Hopkins follow a pre-med advising program track (which isn't a major). This advising track includes individual appointments, small group meetings, and special programs. The school also has many health-related student organizations. Unfortunately, there’s no good information out there on med school acceptance rates for pre-meds at Johns Hopkins. #3: Stanford Stanford isn’t just a top-ranked college- it also houses a top-ranked medical school. Special pre-med advisors are available to discuss ideas, plan your coursework, help you visualize your long-term objectives, and give you options for gaining experience in the field. The pre-med community at Stanford seems especially organized and cohesive. The Stanford Pre-Medical Association offers lots of information and resources to students, all in one place. #4: University of Pennsylvania Penn’s Perelman School of Medicine is one of the best in the US; access to this med school means tons of research opportunities. But don’t just take my word for it! In 2017, 78% of Penn students who applied to med school were accepted- that's well above the national average of 43% that year. The school also offers a pre-health advising program to guide students through fulfilling pre-med requirements and successfully applying to medical school. #5: Columbia Columbia is home to a top-15 med school. Here, students are assigned a pre-med advisor and attend informational meetings sponsored by the Premedical Committee. Columbia's convenient NYC location guarantees easy access to countless clinics and hospitals, giving you plenty of opportunities for clinical and research experience. Want to build the best possible college application for BS/MD programs? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. #6: Duke We've luckily found some information about med school acceptance rates for Duke undergrads- according to Duke, 85% of its college students get into med school, which is more than twice the national average. This likely has partly to do with the fact that Duke hosts a top-10 medical school. In addition, pre-med students are assigned an advisor who mentors them through the college and med school application processes. #7: University of Washington You might have noticed that all the schools on the list so far have been private schools. But not the University of Washington! UW is one of the best public med schools in terms of research and primary care, and pre-med students benefit significantly from these resources. Pre-health career coaches and advisors help students with academic and vocational concerns, such as picking classes, job shadowing, research, volunteering, etc., through a combination of individual and group meetings. There are also many pre-med student groups, including Alpha Epsilon Delta and the Student Health Consortium. #8: UNC Chapel Hill Unfortunately, UNC doesn’t track specifics when it comes to med school acceptance rates for pre-meds. One source states that 90% of UNC pre-med students who apply to med school get in, but take this with a grain of salt. Overall, UNC has a very good reputation across many health fields for both undergraduate and graduate students. UNC offers an interesting nine-week Medical Education Development (MED) summer program, an intensive program for smart and committed students who have lacked past opportunities to move toward a career in the medical field. If you’re not ready to attend college as a pre-med but want to become a physician, this could be a good option for you. #9: Cornell An impressive 76% of Cornell pre-meds with a GPA of 3.4 or higher got into medical school in 2016. If you end up as a pre-med at Cornell, you’ll be in good company: about 1/6 of undergrads there are interested in pursuing a career in medicine. The school is pretty isolated, so the best research and clinical experiences are the ones on campus. Cornell has a decently ranked med school, which likely provides many of these opportunities. Finally, the school’s Health Careers Program provides specialized advising, programs, information, and an Evaluation Committee to pre-med students. This Committee is particularly helpful when it comes to getting letters of recommendation for medical school applications. Outdoorsy students might not mind trading an urban environment for the scenery in Ithaca, NY. #10: Northwestern With a top-20 med school, Northwestern offers lots of research and clinical opportunities. It helps that the school is located in a bustling urban area. Unfortunately, there’s no available info on pre-med acceptance rates to medical schools for students at Northwestern. There is, however, a lot of info on available resources on the school’s pre-med advising website. These advisors help students with everything from choosing courses to applying to med school. Pre-meds are welcome to schedule individual meetings or stop by during drop-in hours. Bonus: Georgetown I’m including Georgetown on this list because it offers a pretty interesting option for students who like to plan ahead called the Early Assurance Program. If you’re a high-achieving pre-med student at Georgetown, you can get assurance of admission at Georgetown School of Medicine at the end of your senior year. Georgetown isn’t ranked as highly as the other schools above are, but if you’re not interested in going into academia, this won’t matter too much. 3 Final Tips for Future Pre-Med Students If you’re thinking about choosing a pre-med track (or even if you’re still just thinking about it!), you can set yourself up for success by following these three tips. For more guidance, check out our step-by-step guide on how to become a doctor and our list of the best books for pre-med students. Tip 1: Focus on Math and Science in High School You’ll need a foundation in high school for your pre-med courses in college, and you’ll need to do well in those college courses in order to get into med school- it’s that simple! It might be painful at times, but doing well in math and science classes will set you up for better admissions chances at one of these top pre-med programs. Tip 2: Look Beyond Schools' Pre-Med Programs There are so many other factors to consider when making a decision about where to go to college. A school’s pre-med program is important of course, but so are the more practical features that will affect your quality of life. Are you happy with the general area in which the school is located? What about the school's room and board options? Are there student groups or activities you’re excited about? If you’re not happy at school on a day-to-day basis, this could negatively affect your performance when trying to fulfill your pre-med requirements. Tip 3: Keep Your GPA High Many of the stats I found on pre-med acceptance rates to med schools qualified those stats by providing information based on students' GPAs. The implicit (or sometimes explicit) implication here is that students with higher GPAs have more success getting into med school. While of course an undergraduate institution with research opportunities and great advising will help your chances, those resources can only do so much if your grades aren’t great. Conversely, you can still get into med school with great grades and an awesome MCAT score even if you didn’t go to a super prestigious undergraduate institution. What’s Next? If you’re still figuring out whether a career as a physician is right for you, consider getting some hands-on experience. You might not think there’s much you can do as a high school student, but there is! Start by shadowing a physician, and then check out our guide to the best med programs for students in high school. If you’re interested in pre-med programs, you might also be interested in BS/MD programs. Take a look at our comprehensive guide on how to get into a great BS/MD program to streamline the med school application process. Want to know what you should be doing right now to prepare for pre-med programs? Read our complete guide on how to prepare for pre-med in high school and our list of the seven books every pre-med student should read. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

View Message LinkedIns New Frustrating Email Functionality

View Message LinkedIns New Frustrating Email Functionality Today I opened up my inbox and saw I had a message from a LinkedIn contact. â€Å"Maybe he’s interested in my services!† I thought. Of course, I couldn’t tell what he had written, because all the subject line said was, â€Å"John sent you a new message.† And all the body of the email had was a line saying â€Å"You have 1 new message† – along with John’s head shot and partial headline. I had to click â€Å"View Message† to find out what the heck this guy wanted to talk about. I was already angry by the time I clicked â€Å"View Message† to be brought to the LinkedIn website. And when I got there, I discovered that his message said †¦ ready for this? †¦. â€Å"Thanks.† Yep, I had wished John a happy birthday and he was thanking me. That was it. If I had been able to see this message in my email inbox, all would be well. I could have deleted it and someday gotten around to replying to John with a thumbs up – or not. But as of about a month ago, LinkedIn is forcing us to go to their website to read our mail. Strangely, I haven’t found anyone talking about this on the interwebs. Am I the only person who doesn’t like this change? I mean, I don’t usually write rants in my weekly blog, but this new messaging functionality is not working for me. Here’s What I Don’t Like: I have to click on a message and go to LinkedIn without knowing whether I want to read the message. It’s often a waste of time. Flagging messages for follow-up has become less integrated. I can flag the message in my inbox, but when I want to follow up, I need to go to the LinkedIn platform to remind myself what the conversation was. LinkedIn seems to be pushing people to subscribe to LinkedIn Premium in order to have their messages seen. The thing is, if someone sends me an inMail, I can view the entire message. So I’m encouraged to send inMails, which are only available through LinkedIn Premium, instead of sending regular messages which can’t be read from people’s inboxes. I find myself not wanting to click, not wanting to go to LinkedIn. Since it’s my job, I do it. But what about the people receiving my messages? Will they open them? I’m afraid fewer and fewer of my non-inMail communications will be read as people get tired of blindly clicking on â€Å"View Message.† LinkedIn didn’t send any notification that I know of to their subscribers letting us know about this change. For a while after the Microsoft merger, communications from LinkedIn seemed to have gotten better. They were announcing changes before they happened! Recently, however, there have been no announcements, no notifications. I don’t like being in the dark, especially as someone whose job it is to advise people about changes in the LinkedIn platform. Take Action Am I alone here? Anyone else who is peeved by this change? Or has the collective LinkedIn community thrown its hands up in the air on this one? In the past, when enough people have complained about a change, LinkedIn has reverted back to the preferred functionality. Perhaps we can change the way our emails are appearing? If you’re behind me, please let LinkedIn (and others) know! Here’s How to Send Feedback to LinkedIn To send your feedback to LinkedIn, visit LinkedIn Help at https://www.linkedin.com/help/linkedin/solve/feedback and suggest they improve this feature. You could write something like this: Area of Feedback: Message Notifications Your Question: LinkedIn, please change the message notifications back to the way they were. I would like to see full messages from my connections in my email inbox again. I dont want to have to click through to my LinkedIn account to view their message. Thank you! Share on Social Media If you want to share this article via social media, you might like to use the following: What are your thoughts on LinkedIns new empty message notifications in your mailbox? I personally dont want to log in to see my messages. LinkedIn, #changeitback! #linkedinhelp #linkedinfail @LinkedInHelp @LinkedIn  https://goo.gl/wHzDHn If you want to see more LinkedIn tips and information like this right in your inbox, sign up for my LinkedIn Professional Writing e-list. And if youre ever interested in working with me on your LinkedIn profile or other strategies, check out my  20-minute live LinkedIn profile review. Its a great place to start!

Topics Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class Assignment - 1

Topics Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class - Assignment Example As consumer earnings converge across nations, the manifestation of value differences will turn into a much stronger factor than expected. This happening makes it increasingly significant to comprehend values of nationwide cultures along with their impact on consumer behaviours and action. Retailing plans for one nation cannot be extended to other nations without adaptation. During my own research, I focused more on the convergence and divergence in consumer behaviour. Basically, a firm has to come up with sells techniques that meet with the limitations of their consumers in a particular market. For instance, when setting the price of a commodity, it is vital for a firm to ensure that the commodity is priced according to the consumer it targets. This means that factors such as consumer income or needs will dictate how much an asset could be priced by an organisation. Presenter 1: Main Arguments Marketers should endeavour to abide by each and every country’s regulations and laws . They should also make efforts to keep up with the regulations and laws, which change frequently and, finally, clarify ambiguous regulations, which concern their activities (Stock & Lambert, 2008, 35). Presenter 1 basically focused on the socio-economic, political, legal and regulatory environments that concern a business. According to presenter 1, the socio-economic, political, legal and regulatory factors that concern a business basically comprise of the political environment, a nation’s sovereignty, democracy, totalitarianism among others. The political environment, as expected, is made up of governmental institutions along with the manning political parties (Mooij, 2004, 98). The presenter advises that a firm has to buy into a nation’s political beliefs in order to be able to venture into that country. The presenter also goes further to argue that a country regime is the one that decides whether a firm will invest in their nation or not, and; therefore, the import ance of a firm to be accepted by the regime. Presenter 2: Main Arguments Before a firm start to sell its products, they should come up with a well planned technique of delivering their services or goods to their target market, as well as a proper way of distributing them there (Lymbersky, 2008, 23). Since presenter 2 was dealing with international market entry strategy, he referred to this as establishing, as well as managing/maintaining contracts with foreign nations. Basically, the presenter thinks that a majority of companies successfully conduct their activities in a niche market devoid of ever expanding into fresh markets. However, businesses attain success or increased sales, business stability and brand awareness through entering a new market. Therefore, a key technique should be devised for helping firms incorporate themselves into new markets. Forming a market entry strategy concerns a methodical analysis of possible customers, as well as potential competitors (Stock & Lamb ert, 2008, 36). A number of the relevant factors, according to the presenter, which are significant in deciding the possibility of entry into a specific market comprise of localised knowledge, trade barriers, competition and price localisation along with export subsidies. The presenter advises that if a firm is aware of these factors, then they stand a chance of venturing into a new market effectively. My Contribution to Topic 1 Even though, the physical environment is not regarded as one

Department of Maritime and Logistics Management Essay

Department of Maritime and Logistics Management - Essay Example The industry has become saturated due to several negative external environmental impacts. Therefore, it is important for the new comers to understand the appropriate demand for the air service before developing a new business. Discussion This part of the essay will determine the key factors that need to understand before deciding the demand for a new airline business. Moreover, the study will identify the implications for the operation of an airline regarding the mixed passenger and freight model. Answer 1 It is important for a newly developed organization to do a market survey to understand several business factors. Knowledge about market competition will help the organization to develop an effective business plan. Moreover, the organization needs to review effective internal resources and capability of the organization. Defining Idea, gathering information about market competition, effective resources, customer demand and feasibility assessment will help the organization to move fo rward. Global airline industry has become highly saturated due to intense competition and several political and economical challenges. Recent financial crisis and global economic recession affected the global economic environment. Low purchasing power, limited disposable income of people and negative economic growth rate are the major consequences of this economic slowdown. People are trying to save more rather than consuming products and services due to this economic distress. Therefore, it is important for the organization to utilize the resources in such a way that can reduce the business operation cost. Effective operation cost reduction can help the organization to implement competitive pricing strategy. Effective competitive pricing strategy will help the organization to achieve potential competitive advantages. Airline industry is considered as the service industry. People always expect better service against their air ticket fare. Now-a-day, the global airlines are trying to implement CRM strategies in order to satisfy the needs of customer. Slowly and gradually, effective customer relationship management will help the organization to develop a potential target customer base (Winsveen, 2012, p.13). Therefore, the major objective of the organization would be providing effective in-flight customer service against low competitive ticket price. Employees are considered as the strongest asset in a service providing organization. Skilled and trained pilots, flight attainders and air hostesses are considered as the major competitive strength of an airline organization. Effective organizational and work place culture need to be adopted by the organization to develop an effective workforce. The organization should focus on employment benefits of the employees in order to increase the motivation level of the employees (Bowhill, 2008, p.333). Highly motivated employees will try to perform more effectively. Low turn around time and high frequency of flights increa se the core competency of the airlines. The organization needs to provide effective training and development programme to increase the skills of the employees. Effective turnaround time management will enhance effective customer relationship management. Therefore, the organization needs to treat their employees and vendors as their own family members. Then only they can achieve effective competiti

Isaac Newton is a great man Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Isaac Newton is a great man - Research Paper Example Isaac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe, England in 1642 and grew up to be an authority in Mathematics, dynamics, celestial mechanics, astronomy, optics and philosophy (Newton). His life appears to have been influenced by the death of his father who died few months prior to Newton’s birth (English-Online). He took charge of his life early in his life, waiting on tables and doing menial jobs for wealthy students to pay for his school fees, which shows his great love for education. His mother had remarried and left him under the care of aged grandparents who could barely support him, but this did not deter his quest for learning. During his youth, he is known to have been interested in mechanical devices, doing many experiments and building many devices (Newton). He is known to have built a mill model, clocks and kites among other devices, which he experimented in his neighborhood, with some of the experiments greatly frightening his neighbors. He drew many drawings and architectur al diagrams on the window edges and walls of his Woolsthorpe home which included drawings of men, animals, birds and also plants. During this time, he is known to have been influenced by the book; ‘mysteries of nature’ by John Bates (Newton). He had his early education at Skillington and Stoke which is thought to have started when he was five years old. Newton the proceeded to King’s school in Grantham during which time his step father died and his mother went to their Woolsthorpe home (Newton). The mother removed him from school and intended to make him a farmer, but Newton was not interested in farming but had a great thirst for learning. John Stokes, master of the Grantham School and William Ayscough, Newton’s uncle intervened, leading to the decision to prepare Newton for University, which was done in 1661, with entry to Trinity College, Cambridge (Newton). It is at this college where he is thought to have made his mathematical discoveries where he had easy access to the college and university libraries where he spent lengthy hours of study. It is also assumed that it was in the rooms of the Trinity College where he did the experiments of the dispersion and refraction of light, and probably done the one on the pendulum to explain about the earths pull of gravity. The experiment about the falling apple, which Newton said explained about the idea of gravitation, was done either at Boothbay or at the Woolsthorpe house (Newton). Isaac Newton was a very ambitious scientist who did his researches very conclusively and had a firm belief that everything in nature had an explanation in mathematics, but not all scientists during his time concurred with him. He was so engrossed in his work and researches that he did not have many acquitances and did not also marry. When for example he was writing the principia, which is the mathematical principles of natural philosophy in the Latin language, he rarely left his room and ate little food or ev en none at all, had unkempt hair and worn out shoes, and also very rarely went to the chapel. Isaac Newton contributed much through his research and discoveries in many of the fields in which he was involved. In the field of mathematics, his most notable work was in calculus, and other fields of

Marketing of Centac-200 Compressors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing of Centac-200 Compressors - Essay Example This has resulted in a cost-benefit matrix, covering sizes and types. Capital costs, life expectancy, installation costs, operation and maintenance costs have come to play a significant role in product marketing, customers being knowledgeable and demanding. The new Centac-200 compressors of Ingersoll-Rand (IR) are meant for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) / direct customer applications. Â  In B2B sales effort for new products, while deciding on the channel(s) of distribution, one needs to analyze the existing marketing operations, demand analysis, and buyer behavior, product segmentation, targeting, positioning, and services marketing. The decision-making process of the potential buyers, their needs and the supplier’s own expectation from the product, are also to be taken into account. At the same time, a supplier like IR has also to sustain the loyalty of the existing distributors, who may feel threatened by the new product impacting their sales, in their own territory. Â  Air compressors are industrial products with a ‘consumer twist’ in the lowest range. IR marketed the smallest compressors (under 5 hp) through its merchandising manager (MM) who in turn appointed manufacturer’s representatives for sales through well-known retail chain stores. Â  Rest of the products are marketed through three channels namely, direct sales force, independent distributors, and company-owned ‘air-centers’. Since the independent distributors also handled competitors’ products, IR followed the policy of direct marketing for the higher range and newer products. The rationale for the direct sale of large size or newer model machines is justified by the buyer behavior.

Multiagent Systems research based Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Multiagent Systems research based - Essay Example The multi agent system looks at improving the production performance, increasing the schedule reliability and efficiency and keeping updated schedules. Software agent technology, which started in the early 1980s as a sub-field of artificial intelligence and has been a very dynamic field of research for about more than two decades, focuses its research mainly on aspects of multi-agent planning and distributed problem solving. Even though the agent technology research field is still heterogeneous it has set up itself as a major stream of computer science and artificial intelligence in particular. Multi-agent system is quite imperative for a ceramic tile company like Eco Tile factory, because it needs dynamic production processes to offer online programming to the customers and it would be able to manage real time response about their services and delivery times of required products through the process where design and other activities are done ahead of the production process. Like most other production units, production programming was one of the main problems of this company. The multi-agent system in Eco Tile turns to be a better structure for dealing with design and development of an application which should be flexible and adaptable to the environment. Multi agent technique seems to be appropriate for solving complicated problems that require intelligence. Here, Multi agent system provides a natural way to solve problems that are inherently distributed within the factory. Recently, multi agent system shows its trend towards the overt design and organization use where heterogeneous agents work together within distinct roles to attain individual and general goals. When emphasizing on team goals, organizations allow agents to work together with the help of individual agents to function properly and to perform the jobs that they are best appropriated for. When focusing on individual agent’s goal, organizations allow agents to perform

Marketing of Centac-200 Compressors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing of Centac-200 Compressors - Essay Example This has resulted in a cost-benefit matrix, covering sizes and types. Capital costs, life expectancy, installation costs, operation and maintenance costs have come to play a significant role in product marketing, customers being knowledgeable and demanding. The new Centac-200 compressors of Ingersoll-Rand (IR) are meant for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) / direct customer applications. Â  In B2B sales effort for new products, while deciding on the channel(s) of distribution, one needs to analyze the existing marketing operations, demand analysis, and buyer behavior, product segmentation, targeting, positioning, and services marketing. The decision-making process of the potential buyers, their needs and the supplier’s own expectation from the product, are also to be taken into account. At the same time, a supplier like IR has also to sustain the loyalty of the existing distributors, who may feel threatened by the new product impacting their sales, in their own territory. Â  Air compressors are industrial products with a ‘consumer twist’ in the lowest range. IR marketed the smallest compressors (under 5 hp) through its merchandising manager (MM) who in turn appointed manufacturer’s representatives for sales through well-known retail chain stores. Â  Rest of the products are marketed through three channels namely, direct sales force, independent distributors, and company-owned ‘air-centers’. Since the independent distributors also handled competitors’ products, IR followed the policy of direct marketing for the higher range and newer products. The rationale for the direct sale of large size or newer model machines is justified by the buyer behavior.

The European debt crisis of 2009 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The European debt crisis of 2009 - Essay Example Ireland was another major economy which was hit hard by the sovereign debt crisis due to the fact that Irish government actually guaranteed the loans of six large banks having portfolios in the property sector. Due to the heavy losses suffered by these banks, Irish government faced the task of honoring its guarantees and hence crisis started to emerge regarding the possible default by the Irish government. Portugal, Spain, Italy were three other major economies which faced the similar debt crisis due to high government debt and the looming default possibilities.In order to deal with the debt crisis, EU offered bailout packages to the different economies facing such crisis. The overall bailout packages offered to these countries, however, were a combination of the support offered by World Bank, IMF, EU Central Bank and other bilateral and individual arrangements. Overall, more than 480 billion euros were offered to 9 countries of the region to avert any possible sovereign debt default s due to the crisis.Apart from giving the emergency support, other measures were also taken including the creation of the European Financial Stability Facility, European financial stability mechanism, and other measures were put in place. One of the key criticisms of the overall governance structure at EU wide level which resulted in this crisis was based upon the argument that at EU wide level, countries are allowed to pursue their independent fiscal policies, however; monetary policy was being directed through European central bank.

The latter part of Act 3 in his play The Crucible The Crucible Essay Example for Free

The latter part of Act 3 in his play The Crucible The Crucible Essay The Crucible is a very enthralling play to read and especially to watch. The way that Miller is able to build up his characters and put them into such exaggerated situations in The Crucible is breathtaking. He has the ability to illustrate what might naturally happen in situations such as this, showing us periods within the whole scenario where things calm down, or reach a climax. He is a magician of the greatest kind, using words and stage directions to perform his feats of trickery rather than illusion. Act 3 of the play is undoubtedly a climax and the setting of the scene introduces us to a much more sinister turn of events than might be expected in another setting. According to Millers own stage direction the Act is set in the vestry room of the Salem meeting house, described as a solemn and heavy room. Hence the atmosphere and setting are perfect in creating a feeling of extreme McCarthyism, a period where accusations were thrown out left and right in the American government, each participant in the fight not willing to take the punch, but diverting it to another contestant when it gets too close. All this time I think the one controlling it all, the referee of the match, the manager of all the teams if you will, is Abigail. This play is set in Salem, a time in the seventeen or eighteen hundreds, when most racial and religious minorities had moved to the new America. This play in particular focuses in a small Puritan town where religion is held at the forefront of society. In this time acts of God and of the devil were, wholly believed, and in this small town a group of young girls played on this immense superstition for their own gains. That is where the story is set, the girls blamed people they disliked of witchcraft and hundreds of people were burned on false accusations. But this play was in fact written as a reflection of the earlier part of this century, where a senator by the name of Joseph McCarthy played on the American peoples fears of communism to rise to fame. He, like the girls, told the government that he had a list of communists present in the American government, in Hollywood and in most walks of life. He ruined thousands of peoples livelihoods, but never had any evidence against anyone. This terrible time in the 1920s to 40s is what Miller wants to really reflect upon in his play.

The Origin of Emotion Labour

The Origin of Emotion Labour Emotions are feelings that people experience, interpret, reflect on, express, and manage (Thoits, 1989). They arise through social interaction, and are influenced by social, cultural, interpersonal, and situational conditions (Martin, 1999). In many situations in our daily lives, we often find ourselves suppressing feelings and displaying a more socially accepted emotion that is deemed more appropriate. For example, showing excitement about a companys promotion or suppressing fury when being cut off by someone in a waiting line. Regulating individuals emotions to comply with social norms then is referred to as emotion work (Hochschild, 1990; p. 118). When we need to display particular emotions and suppress others, which required by our job roles, we do our emotion management for a wage. Hochschild (1983) termed this regulation of ones emotions to comply with occupational or organizational norms as emotional labour. She defined emotional labour as the management of feeling to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display; emotional labour is sold for a wage and therefore has exchange value (Hochschild, 1983; p.7). According to Hochschild (1983), jobs involving emotional labour possess three characteristics: they require the workers to make facial or voice contact with the public; they require the worker to produce an emotional state in the client or customer, and they provide the employer with an opportunity to utilize some control over the emotional activities of workers (Hochschild, 1983). Based on impression management, Ashforth and Humphrey (1993) defined emotional labour as the act of displaying the appropriate emotion. Their definition differs from Hochschilds (1983), since their definition emphasizes the actual behaviour rather than the presumed emotions underlying the behaviour (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993). According to Morris and Feldman (1997), emotional labour possesses the following characteristics: (a) emotion work occurs in face-to-face or voice-to-voice interactions with clients; (b) emotions are displayed to influence other peoples emotions, attitudes and behaviours; and (c) the display of emotions has to follow certain rules. 2.1.2 Dimensions of Emotional Labour and Its Measures Brotheridge and Grandey (2002) restructured emotional labour into two categories: One focuses on the characteristic of the job and the other emphasizes employees emotion management process. The former is called job-focused emotional labour which includes the frequency, duration, variety, and intensity of emotional labour and display rules. The latter is named employee-focused emotional labour, an emotion management skill that employees use in the course of interactions with clients. This category includes surface acting and deep acting. Brotheridge and Lee (2003) used the similar approach. They developed an emotional labour measure including both job-focused and employee-focused variables. Specifically, their measure has six facets: frequency of interaction, intensity and variety of emotional display, duration of interaction, and surface and deep acting. Emotional labour researchers often ignored spontaneous and genuine emotions, acknowledged as passive deep acting by Hochschild (1983), in the development of the emotional labour measure. Diefendorff, Croyle, and Gosserand (2005) constructed the display of naturally felt emotions as an independent factor and formed a three-dimensional emotional labour instrument: surface acting, deep acting, and naturally felt emotions. In summary, despite many different measures developed, the general view is that job-related variables, such as frequency, intensity, variety, and display rules are experienced as the antecedents of emotional labour rather than emotional labour itself and two acting modes (surface and deep acting), that employees use to match the required emotional display are regarded as the true components of emotional labour (Grandey, 2000 A.A. Grandey, Emotion regulation in the workplace: a new way to conceptualize emotional labor, Journal of Occupational health Psychology 5 (1) (2000), pp. 95-110. Abstract | icon_pdfPDF (1059 K) | Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (124)Grandey, 2000). 2.1.3 Servicing Acting Based on Goffmans (1959) dramaturgical perspective of social interactions, Hochschild theorized that service is a show where the service provider is an actor, the customer is the audience, and the work setting is the stage (Grandey, 1999). The work place (restaurant) provides the setting and circumstance that allows actors (wait staff) to perform for audiences (diners). The interaction between actors and audiences is based on their mutual definition of the setting, which can be interpreted as occupational or organizational norms or display rules. Surface acting and deep acting are two types of acting mechanism that emotional labour preformed. 2.1.3.1 Surface Acting Surface acting is a discrepancy between felt and displayed emotion (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993). Surface acting involves employees simulating emotions that are not actually felt, by changing their outward appearances (i.e., facial expression, gestures, or voice tone) when exhibiting required emotions. For example, a hotel front desk employee may put on a smile and cheerfully greet a customer even if she or he is feeling down. In this case, the front desk clerk feigns emotions that are not experienced (Chu, 2002, P.18). Using the surface acting technique, people change the outward expression of emotion in the service of altering their inner feelings. By changing facial or bodily expressions, such as slumped shoulders, bowed head, or drooping mouth, inner feelings can be altered to a coincident state (Hochschild, 1993). 2.1.3.2 Deep Acting Deep acting occurs when employees feelings do not fit the situation; they then use their training or past experience to work up appropriate emotions (Chu, 2002, P.19). Unlike surface acting, deep acting involves changing inner feelings by altering something more than outward appearance. In surface acting, feelings are changed from the outside in, whereas feelings are changed from the inside out in deep acting (Hochschild, 1983). Hochschild (1983) classified deep acting as (1) exhorting feeling, whereby one actively attempts to evoke or suppress an emotion, and (2) trained imagination, whereby one actively invokes thoughts, images, and memories to cause the related emotion (thinking of a wedding to feel happy or a funeral to feel sad). In other words, employees use their training or past experiences to help summoning appropriate emotions or responses (sadness, cheerfulness) for a given scene. By practicing deep acting, emotions are actively induced, suppressed, or shaped (Kruml Geddes, 2000). 2.1.4 Functions of Emotion Labour Zapf (2002, P.248) stated that Emotion work is a part of an overall task and, thus, it helps to fulfil the overall task and increase task effectiveness. Ashforth, B.E. and Humphrey, R.H., 1993. Emotional labor in service roles: the influence of identity. Academy of Management Review 18, pp. 88-115. Full Text via CrossRefAshforth and Humphrey (1993) consider emotion work as a form of impression management because by showing certain emotions the employee deliberately attempts to foster certain social perceptions of him- or herself. Emotion work is done to influence the emotions of the clients either as the ultimate or as an instrumental goal. In the service business, the premise is that customers or clients would be more likely to do business with an organization when they experience the interaction with service providers positively. This should mainly depend on how far the interaction with the service providers either supports or threatens their self-esteem. Emotion labour may help to make the social interaction more calculable and assist to avoid embarrassing situations that might otherwise interrupt the interaction with clients (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993). Moreover, emotion work may help to develop or stabilize the organization-customer relationship for building trust in the organization. This is more important in the service sector than in other sectors; because (1) it is difficult to assess the quality of service; (2), because the service product is immediately consumed and corrections, such as giving the product back, are impossible (Ashforth and Nerdinger, 1994); (3), emotion labour should influence the clients emotions thereby influencing their cognitions and behaviours. (4), influencing a clients emotion may make other things easier. In the entertainment business and in the helping professions, influencing the clients emotion may be the ultimate goal. 2.2 Antecedents of Emotional Labour Antecedents of emotional labour including two characteristics: individual characteristics and job characteristics. 2.2.1 Individual characteristics Emotional labour researchers seem to agree that service workers emotional acting can be explained by personality traits because personal dispositions underlie much of the way that people think and behave (Ashkanasy, Hartel and Daus, 2002). Two personality variables as the antecedents of emotional labour will be examined, which are negative affectivity and intrinsic motivation. 2.2.1.1 Negative Affectivity Negative affectivity is a dispositional personality variable and an individuals tendency to experience discomfort across time and situations (Watson and Clark, 1984). Individuals high in negative affectivity tend to resident the negative aspects of themselves, others, and situations in a generally more negative way and often seem to be anxious, nervous, and afraid (Cropanzano et al., 1993 R. Cropanzano, K. James and M.A. Konovsky, Dispositional affectivity as a predictor of work attitudes and job performance, Journal of Organizational Behavior 14 (6) (1993), pp. 595-606. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (118)Cropanzano, James, and Konovsky, 1993). Individuals low in negative affectivity are typically in states of calmness and peace (Watson, Clark, and Tellegen, 1988). As discussed by Liu, Perrewe, Hochwarter, and Kacmar (2004), negative emotional experiences is aroused by negative affectivity to across time and situations that may obstruct individua ls to regulate their emotional experiences in the service encounter. Such individuals appear to fake their positive emotions when necessary (Kim, 2008). The relationship between negative affectivity and stressors is also supported by the basic theory of heat-affect-overload (Van De Vliert and Van Yperen, 1996). Specifically, employees living and working in hot climates of countries such as Nigeria, Indonesia, and Singapore are high in negative affectivity and experience role overload. It has been proposed that availability of heat or hot climate deranges the thermoregulatory system of the human body and leads to negative affectivity. Such high negative affectivity individuals are faced with higher role overload. According to Osman and Kayode (2008), who studied in emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion among hotel employees in Nigeria, they stated that even though the hotels may have functioning air-conditioning systems, regular power cut or outages due to poor electric power infrastructure in Nigeria may cause frustration among employees and customers. In addition, the high cost of running alternative power source like generators limits the proper use of the air-conditioning systems in most of the hotels. Frontline hotel employees such as door attendants, food servers, and beverage servers have to serve customers in outdoor facilities, such employees are exposed to direct sunlight and humidity under these circumstances. Most of the frontline employees cannot afford to buy air-conditioning systems in their houses; if they could, they do not enjoy it due to irregular power supply in the country. Furthermore, they may not have sufficient financial resources to buy automobiles having air -conditioning systems. Therefore, such employees usually far from their houses go to work, using modes of public transportation such as buses, which are overloaded and are devoid of air-conditioning systems. Accordingly, frontline hotel employees in a country such as Nigeria are high in negative affectivity and experience-deepened stress. Employees in frontline service jobs of the hospitality industry in Nigeria are expected to manage their emotions by changing their outward appearance to display organizationally desired emotions while the inner feelings remain unchanged and thus are likely to experience emotional exhaustion (Osman and Kayode, 2008). In addition, negative affectivity is widely used in strain-related research and has been linked with emotional exhaustion (Houkes, Janssen, De Jonge, and Nijhuis, 2001). In their meta-analytic work, Thoresen et al., 2003 C.J. Thoresen, S.A. Kaplan, A.P. Barsky, C.R. Warren and K. De Chermont, The affective underpinnings of job perceptions and attitudes: a meta-analytic review and integration, Psychological Bulletin 129 (6) (2003), pp. 914-945. Abstract | Article | icon_pdfPDF (244 K) | Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (78)Thoresen, Kaplan, Barsky, Warren, and De Chermont (2003) reported an estimated mean population correlation of .54 between negative affectivity and emotional exhaustion. According to Spector, Zapf, Chen, and Frese, (2000), the perception mechanism also proposes useful guidelines for developing the relevant hypotheses. That is, the perception mechanism states that high negative affectivity individuals tend to perceive their jobs as s tressful and experience high levels of strains. It means, high negative affectivity frontline employees in the hotel industry are susceptible to higher emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion. 2.2.1.2 Intrinsic Motivation Another personality variable used as the antecedents of emotional labour is intrinsic motivation. To date various personal resources or personality variables (e.g., self-efficacy, optimism, and locus of control) have been examined with regard to emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion (Ito and Brotheridge, 2003). As a personal resource and a key personality variable, intrinsic motivation has not received much empirical attention in the hospitality management and marketing literatures (Karatepe and Uludag, 2007). Intrinsic motivation refers to an individuals feeling of challenge or competence derived from performing a job (Keaveney, 1992, p.151). Intrinsically motivated employees have better problem-solving skills and are innovative (Miller, 2002). Grant (2008, p.49) states that intrinsically motivated individuals feel naturally drawn, or pulled, toward completing their work, are process focused-they see the work as an end in and of itself, and are present focused-they are concerned with the experience of performing the work itself. Consistent with the Conservation of Resources Theory, intrinsic motivation is one of the personal resources that can be used for coping with emotional dissonance and exhaustion. As a personal resource, intrinsic motivation can affect employees willingness and perceived effort to manage emotional experiences in the service encounter. Such a personal resource can also be invested in aiding the process of stress resistance and can contribute to the maintenance of res ource reservoirs (Hobfoll, 2001). Consequently, employees with personal resources have mastery that enables them to cope with demanding or forbidding conditions more effectively and thus prevents them from experiencing emotional exhaustion (Xanthopoulou, Bakker, Demerouti, and Schaufeli, 2007). Recently, Karatepe and Uludag (2007) also demonstrated that intrinsic motivation lowered emotional exhaustion for a sample of frontline hotel employees in Northern Cyprus. 2.2.2 Job Characteristics 2.2.2.1 Interaction Characteristics Customer satisfaction depends on the quality of the interpersonal interaction between the customer and frontline employees (Bitner, 1990). Hochschild (1983) argued that job characteristics such as numerous interactions with customers are likely to increase service providers emotional labour. Brotheridge and Grandey (2002) found that frequency and variety of emotional display were positively related to surface acting and deep acting and that duration was positively related to deep acting. In the article by Brotheridge and Lee (2003), frequency and variety showed a positive relationship with surface acting and deep acting, although duration was not related to either acting. Diefendorff, Croyle, and Gosserand (2005) reported interaction characteristics (frequency, duration, and routineness) were not significant predictors of surface acting but mostly related to deep acting. Specifically, duration had a positive impact on deep acting and routineness showed a negative influence on deep ac ting. The most popular theory regarding the relationship between customer contact variables and emotional labour strategies originates from Morris and Feldman, 1996 J.A. Morris and D.C. Feldman, The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor, The Academy of Management Review 21 (4) (1996), pp. 986-1010. Full Text via CrossRefMorris and Feldmans (1996) conceptual work. The authors argued that the more often a work role requires socially proper emotional displays, the greater the companys demand for emotional regulation and the greater employees emotional labour; frequent changes in the variety of emotions to fit in different situational contexts require more planning and anticipation on the part of service employees, thereby entailing greater emotional labour; and emotional displays of long duration require more effort than short duration, leading to greater emotional labour. This notion suggests the possibility of frequency, variety, and duration increasing emotional labo ur in general (both surface and deep acting). However, previous findings especially regarding duration seem to suggest that duration largely leads to deep acting. Deep acting may be the strategy of choice during long interaction because it becomes difficult for employees to fake emotion for a long period of time (Diefendorff et al., 2005). 2.2.2.2 Job Autonomy The hospitality literature has shown that job autonomy can mitigate the level of hospitality employees emotional exhaustion (Kim, Shin, and Umbreit 2007). Morris and Feldman (1996, 1997) suggested employees who have less autonomy over their behaviour should feel more emotive dissonance, which likely leads them to fake feelings (surface acting); and those who have more autonomy experience less emotive dissonance, therefore they are likely to express their natural emotions. According to their rationale, job autonomy is not related to emotive effort (i.e., deep acting). 2.2.2.3 Display Rules According to Hochschild, 1983 A.R. Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA (1983).Hochschild (1983), service occupations involve strong norms and/or expectations regarding displays of emotions. Research has shown that display rules have a positive relationship with emotional acting (Brotheridge and Lee, 2002). Some studies separate display rules into positive and negative rules. Positive display rules evaluate service providers recognitions on expressing positive emotions and negative display rules evaluate the recognitions regarding suppressing negative emotions at work. Brotheridge and Grandey (2002) showed that both types of display rules were positively correlated with both types of acting. Diefendorff and Richard (2003) hypothesized that perceived demands (positive and negative display rules) would be positively related to emotional display, but the result indicated that emotional display only led by positive rule demands. Diefendorff et al. (2005) found that positive display rules were positively correlated with deep acting and negative display rules were positively correlated with surface acting. The authors explained that positive rules (what to express) clarify expectations better and result in good faith attempts (deep acting), whereas negative rules (what not to express) lead employees to just go through the motion and fake their emotions (surface acting). In hospitality organizations such as hotel companies, distinct norms are often included in the job description and employees are trained consistently (e.g., showing a smile with a mirthful greeting). Hence, it seems plausible that hotel firms display rules increase the likelihood of hotel personnels emotional regulation, leading to emotional acting either surface or deep acting. Therefore, in harmony with Brotheridge and Grandeys (2002) work, it is predicted that display rules, regardless of the type, will affect both acting strategies. 2.3 Consequences of Emotional Labour Ashforth and Humphrey (1993) described emotional labour as a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it can facilitate task performance by regulating interactions and precluding interpersonal problems. On the other hand, it can impair performance by priming expectations of good service that cannot be met (Ashforth and Humphrey, 1993). The following section discusses the positive and negative consequences of performing emotional labour, and particularly, its effects on employees psychological well-being. 2.3.1 Negative Consequences 2.3.1.1 Fusion of Self and Work Role In the emotional labour literature, substantial research in this field addresses unfavourable outcomes. The most-often-cited outcomes are burnout and job dissatisfaction (Morris and Feldman, 1996). Other impacts on the individuals psychological well-being are also discussed in the literature, such as poor self-esteem, depression, cynicism, role alienation, and self-alienation (Ashforth and Humphrey, 1993). Wharton (1999) suggested two reasons why the regulation of service providers emotional displays is problematic. First, to ensure service quality, employers often implement behaviour scripts (such as smile, eye contact, body position, tone of voice) for service providers to follow. This restrictive script prevents service providers from interacting with customers based on spontaneous intuition, but on a script drawn up by employers. That is, workers own complex for interaction may be suppressed and replaced by an organizationally sanctioned response (Wharton, 1999). Second, service providers may have different interests vis-à  -vis the outcome of the interaction. That is, employers believe that service providers emotional displays are instruments of service excellence. While front-line employees may sometimes share those objectives, they do not always do so. In these instances, workers interests may be sacrificed. Hochschild (1983) theorized about the consequences of emotional labor based on service providers capacity to strike a balance between the requirements of the self and the demands of the work role. Sustained performance of emotional labour may produce a fusion of self and work role, an estrangement between self and work role that comes at the expense of the self, or a separation between self and work role that comes at the expense of the work role (Hochschild, 1983). The fusion of self and work role can be seen as the service providers inability to depersonalize and detach themselves from the work roles. Research has shown that workers in human service occupations, such as social work or counselling, are often too identified with their work roles and lose the ability to maintain sufficient psychological distance between the emotional requirements of their job and their sense of self. For example, hotel service providers use deep acting techniques to conjure up desired positive emotions and to suppress felt negative emotions. But after awhile, many these service providers reveal that they have a hard time recovering their true feelings once their shifts are over. They begin to lose track of when they are acting and when they are not (Hochschild, 1983). 2.3.1.2 Emotive Dissonance Contrarily, another potential consequence of emotional labour is the estrangement between self and work role. Just as workers on the assembling lines become estranged from their bodies, service providers may become estranged from their true feelings (Hochschild, 1983). Hochschild claimed that most of the negative consequences of performing emotional labour have its roots in this estrangement. The estrangement between oneself and the work role is often presented in the forms of emotive dissonance or unauthenticated, which can be seen as a result of surface acting. Similar to cognitive dissonance, emotive dissonance reflects a gap between felt emotions and expressed emotions. For example, a front desk employee greets a customer in a cheerful and enthusiastic manner but indeed, she or he feels down and unhappy. The inconsistency between expressed emotions (cheerful and enthusiastic) and felt emotions (down and unhappy) is emotive dissonance. Based on the assumption that people are motivated to maintain and enhance their sense of self as being meaningful and authentic (Erickson Wharton, 1997), the experience of emotive dissonance may cause the individual to feel false and insincere. Researchers suggest that the regular occurrence of emotive dissonance may be harmful in terms of employees personal and work-related maladjustment, such as poor self-esteem, depression, and alienation from work (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993). Hochschild (1993) suggested that emotive dissonance is most harmful to employees psychological well-being when it comes at the expense of the self, and is less harmful when it is at the expense of the work role. When emotive dissonance comes at the expense of the self, employees blame themselves for displaying fictitious emotions and feelings of unauthenticated. Thereafter, this estrangement of oneself leads to negative consequences such as depression (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993), drug or alcohol abuse (Hochschild, 1983), and low self-efficacy (Seeman, 1991). Antithetically, when emotive dissonance comes at the expense of the work role, employees ascribe this false emotion or inauthentic expression to the demands of the job rather than to the desires of the self (Wharton, 1999), and thus it may be less harmful in terms of their psychological well-being. In an interview with a waitress, Paules (1991) documented how one waitress does not overextend herself into her work. The waitress says that when she distances herself from her job she does not feel bad about it (Paules, 1991, p.286). 2.3.2 Positive Consequences Although substantial literature on emotional labor implies negative consequences, some researchers have suggested positive consequences for both organizations and individuals. 2.3.2.1 Organization For an organization, regulating employees emotional display in a highly scripted manner can ensure task effectiveness and service quality (Ashforth and Humphrey, 1993), and increase sales and repeated business (Rafaeli and Sutton, 1987). Also, the positive aspects of emotional labour include financial rewards (i.e., tips or salaries) (Rafaeli Sutton, 1987); increased satisfaction, security, and brand loyalty (Wharton, 1993). 2.3.2.2 Individual Although customers are major stress-producing figures for front-line employees, customers also provide employees with many entertaining and satisfying moments in their working (Tolich, 1993). One reason for this satisfaction is that customers enliven otherwise monotonous tasks. Most of the entry-level jobs in the service industry are highly routine and standardized (i.e., supermarket clerks or food servers). Because of the variety of customers, their presence, even when annoying, is only somewhat distracting, and can be stimulating (Tolich, 1993). Rose (2001) recognized the positive function of emotional labour because interaction with customers serves as a comic relief; he conducted an extensive qualitative study on waitresses working-life. He described the sources of satisfaction for wait staff as below: Some waitresses gain satisfaction from contributing to a customers enjoyment (you supply nurturing and sustenance, the things that make life pleasurable). Some respond to the hustle and stimulation of a busy restaurant, the sense of being in the middle of thingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦some like the attention (the spotlights on you)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..some comment on the pleasure of the attenuated human interaction: though well never get to know each other, theres a really nice feelings that go back and forth (Rose, 2000, p. 19). Roses (2000) case studies offer some support for the argument that performing emotional labour is not always psychologically damaging. The interaction with the public, being at the centre of attention or a sense of joy when knowing ones work is altruistic in nature all bring some intrinsic rewards to ones job when performing emotional labour. The reward or benefit aspect of performing emotional labour receives some empirical support. Wharton (1993) found that workers employed in jobs requiring substantial amounts of emotional labour experience higher job satisfaction and lower emotional exhaustion than other workers (Wharton, 1993). Adelman (1989) found a similar result for table servers. She concluded that, contrary to Hochschilds estrangement assumption, performing emotional labour does not adversely impact employees psychological well-being, but enhances their job satisfaction (Adelman, 1989). 2.4 Moderators of Emotional Labour 2.4.1 Successful Recruitment and Selection Karatepe and Aleshinloye (2009) pointed out that in order to fill vacant positions in organizations, managers should use effective recruitment and selection tools. It is significant that managers should consider the personality traits of candidates in the selection process, focus on candidates who are intrinsically motivated, and try to hire those who can manage their felt emotions matching organizationally desired display norms in the service encounter. This should be a far-reaching practice among hospitality managers. By doing so, managers can go some way to making such frontline employees manage problems associated with emotional dissonance and exhaustion. Another implication for practice is that employing mentors in the workplace appears to be inevitable, since younger, less educated and less experienced employees are confronted with emotional dissonance and exhaustion (Karatepe and Aleshinloye, 2009). Mentors could help such employees alleviate their emotional dissonance and exhaustion by listening to employees problems and their expectations from the management of the hotel and providing support and guidance (Lee and Akhtar, 2007). 2.4.2 Adequate Training Karatepe and Aleshinloye (2009) also suggested that frontline employees should be trained continuously to learn how to cope with problems that stem from emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion. This is significant, because effective and continuous training programs in the hospitality industry are not abundant. Therefore, managers should foster social support arising from both supervisors and co-workers in the workplace during these training programs and train their frontline employees in the areas of complaint handling procedures and genuine customer care. Such training programs would also comprise of potential empowerment practices frontline employees would use to deal with customers complaints. The final implication is associated with promotional