The Truancy in Schools

Truancy is on the rise, and is a precursor to anti-social behavior. It can result from bullying, disaffection and ensuing alienation. Not every student can be academically minded, and though academic qualifications are one of the poorest indicators of potential, yet the imperative need of school education cannot be ignored. And staying in school is the first step to a good education. Truancy results in students losing the benefits of instruction, and the community ultimately suffers from an increase in juvenile crime. The problem can be resolved by a concerted combined effort. The first responsibility is of the concerned school. There has to be a combination of carrot and stick policy. While the counselors and peer groups would motivate, the fear of juvenile courts can be an effective deterrent. Peers have an affirmative influence on students' decision to play truant. One study reported that 84 percent of the interviewed truants said their friends skipped school. Anti truancy programs that expose truants to other peer groups and other methods of interaction may be effective in reducing truancy. The most successful way of countering the truancy can be a structured approach which: Involves parents in all truancy prevention activities. Parents play the fundamental role in the education of their children. It is critical that parents of truant children assume responsibility for truant behavior. Ensure that students face firm sanctions for truancy. Schools should communicate to their students that they have zero tolerance for truancy. Establish ongoing truancy prevention programs in school. Truancy can be caused by factors like drug use, violence at or near schools, association with truant friends, lack of family support for regular attendance, etc. Involve local law enforcement in truancy reduction efforts. The school officials should establish close linkages with local police, probation officers, and juvenile and family court officials This integrated concerted approach can counter and solve the problem of truancy that is symptomatic of a social malaise.

Different Parenting Styles

There are many different ways of parenting children. Some are more favorable than others and some can even damage one’s emotional future, causing problems such as anxiety, unhappiness, and other low self-esteem issues. Although there are four distinct parenting styles, many parents are often somewhere in between a couple on the scale. My parents often took to the authoritative style, which is known currently as the most successful approach. The authoritative parent is involved in their child’s life and is accepting as well as sensitive to their needs.Sometimes, I could see my parents as being authoritarian, which is common because many parents find a kind of medium between these two styles. Unlike authoritative, the authoritarian parenting style is highly ineffective. However, there is a contrast of the severity of the authoritarian style. Authoritarian parents are portrayed as criticizing and bitter, often yelling, threatening, and habitually resorting to punishment in stead of the warm guiding ways of the authoritative parent. The authoritarian side of my upbringing was often used by my father.Although spanking is commonly frowned upon, my dad used spanking as a way to show me right from wrong, and I believe that he used the punishment in the best way it could possibly be used. I was spanked when I brought bad grades home from school, when I showed bad behavior, and especially when I lied. This punishment was used, I think, in a way of encouragement to better myself. On the other hand, my mother was the one who used the authoritative style. She began using the technique when I got older and more mature, I believe, because I could understand another’s point of view.When I did something wrong against another person, my mom would sit me down and tell me why I was wrong and how the situation appeared to the other person. The effects of different parenting styles vary from family to family, but they are often very similar. As a child, I showed a lot of the characteristics of a child of authoritarian parents, such as low self-esteem, shyness, and anger. However, as I matured, I began showing more characteristics of a child of authoritative parents.I became more social, got a higher self-esteem, and realized that my problem solving skills have increased. My best friend growing up was Allison. Her parents were a constant conversation topic for us, as they were not the best parents in the world. I guess you would call them extreme authoritarians. They utilized extreme control, insisted on absolute obedience, and constantly criticized her. Eventually, this threw her into an all-time low self-esteem, which is something that commonly occurs to children of authoritarian parents.Furthermore, she had become anxious and withdrawn. Because authoritarian parents often take on a type of psychological control, which includes behaviors that intrude on and manipulate children’s verbal expression, individuality, and attachments to p arents, Ally became defiant and angry as well. Her parents wanted to decide practically everything for her, and in the process, put down her ideas and decisions and made clear that they disapproved of her friends. Authoritarian parents often withdraw their love from their children.Ally’s parents were one of these parents. An example is how her parents had supported her decision to go to her dream college. Once she got the acceptance letter, they withdrew their blessing, along with the financial help they had promised her. She no longer has an opportunity to go to college. Another example, and major distress to her, Ally’s parents kicked her out of their house before she turned seventeen, and she has been bouncing from house to house ever since. Unlike me, because Ally’s parents were extremely authoritarian, Ally did not turn out as well.Don’t get me wrong, she was a nice, sociable girl growing up. But as she matured, she sought out love and attention in g uys. I figure that because her father never gave her the proper love or attention, she turned to various guys to find the â€Å"love† and attention she craved. As far as my relationships go, I believe that my parents did a good job with the way they acted around me. What I mean is, seeing the way my parents treated each other as equals definitely influenced my outlook on relationships in a positive way.They are a huge influence on me but I don’t exactly â€Å"hear† their voices when I am doing something they would consider unfavorable. Once in a while when I am in those situations, I do feel a bit of remorse towards what I am doing. I figure that it is from the autonomy granting and problem solving qualities of authoritative parenting. Before taking this class, I had thought very little of how I would parent my future children. I did not even know that there were different styles of parenting.When I learned about the distinct styles of child rearing, I began to think of which style my parents had used. I also started considering what style I might use. I decided that I like the way my parents raised me, contrary to my prior beliefs. I like how they balanced their parenting between authoritative and authoritarian, leaning more to the authoritative side, of course. There are a few exceptions to their style, though, that I would like to change into my own parenting style. For instance, I would like to use even more of an authoritative style than an authoritarian one, than my parents had.

Law Enforcement Cameras

The debate over whether red light cameras are effective or not can cause a great divide among any group of people. Proponents of the cameras say that they are effective in reducing accidents and those against them are adamant that they are only in place to increase revenues for local law enforcement. Red light cameras are cameras that are placed at intersections and connected to traffic signals. The camera is triggered by any vehicle entering the intersection above a certain speed and after the signal light has turned red.While many red light camera scoffers argue that driver's insurance rates will go up, these types of violations are similar to parking tickets and should not affect rates or driving record. The statement by many that red light cameras are only in place for city revenue. This paper will bring three facts that indicate that red light cameras are in place to make communities money and not for reducing accidents. The debate over whether red light cameras are effective or not can cause a great divide among any group of people.Proponents of the cameras say that they are effective in reducing accidents and those against them are adamant that they are only in place to increase revenues for local law enforcement. Red light cameras are cameras that are placed at intersections and connected to traffic signals. The camera is triggered by any vehicle entering the intersection above a certain speed and after the signal light has turned red.While many red light camera scoffers argue that driver's insurance rates will go up, these types of violations are similar to parking tickets and should not affect rates or driving record. The statement by many that red light cameras are only in place for city revenue. This paper will bring three facts that indicate that red light cameras are in place to make communities money and not for reducing accidents.

Punishment and Modern Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Punishment and Modern Society - Essay Example (David, 1990. pg: 1) Van den Haag in his article "Punishing Criminals" supported the implementation of "death penalty" and the punishments for long time duration e.g. keeping the culprits in "house arrest" or sending them in to "exile" to reduce crime rate. The punishment are never designed or renounced on the bases of "class and race". Many sociologist believe that the crime can only be prevented by increasing the intensity of commitment on conducting it. According to a report published in "Crime and Delinquency" suggests at least "3000 executions" yearly are necessary to make "death penalty" an reliable prevention of crime. This statement is actually the perception of modern "intellectuals" rather than old scholars. the report of the "National Assessment of Juvenile Corrections" suggested the proportion of prisoners in US jails have greatly amounted during end of 20th century; 500.000 people were "imprisoned" both in "adult jails and Detention centers". (Tony and Paul, pg: 2-3) Today, the United States is following a policy of strengthening harsh and strict punishments by implementing big punishments in its states, increasing the duration of "imprisonment" form many crimes, by legalizing many compulsory "sentences". (Tony and Paul, pg: 20) Ruche and Kirchheimmer in on of their study on punishment stated "the transformation in penal systems cannot be explained only from changing needs of the war against crime, although this struggle does play a part. Every system of production tends to discover punishments which correspond to its productive relationships." In other wards one can say that these two people actually meant "modern" punishments to be a crucial tool for the preparation of employees- personal- in the "capitalist" world. Under dictatorship punishment are marked to be more evil: death sentences and life long punishments are increasingly adjudicated as compare to simple punishments. (Kevin and Robert, 2001, pg: 159-162) "The judge is subjected to strong pressure from above to intensify punishments on the grounds that the authority of the state must be defended.... Increasing severity of punishment is in the first instance a change in criminal policy conditioned by economic crisis." (Jeffrey and Alvin, 2000, Pg: 19-26) The "penal policy" of the dictators of Germany excluded the probability of taking social intervention in the adjudication of punishments. Today most of the" criminologists" blame the working class and the middle class for any kind of crises or recession. There fore the development and implementation of new penal policies is greatly necessary, so that the crises can be resolved in a better term. (Jeffrey and Alvin, 2000, Pg: 19-26) Durkheim's in 1964 did a functional "analysis" of punishment. Marxist did a materialistic analysis of the "nature and functions" of punishment. He believed study of punishment to be evidence based, detailed and "theoretically flat" in application. Punishment has undergone many "social, political and cultural" changes since the "sociological turn" of twentieth century. There are two approaches toward the penology. (Sarah and Lesley, 2006, pg: 20-21) 1. study of punishment is based upon the "structural factors" on the basis of which governments form their

Physics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physics - Essay Example 3. The balloon would initially be at rest with zero momentum. On release, the gases initially inflated move in one direction and the balloon would move in the opposite direction to acquire equal momentum quantities such that the sum of the vector momenta become zero in line with Newton’s third law of motion that the forces are opposite and equal. 4. Had the rich man been not so miserly, he would have thrown the bag of gold coins so that while the bag glides in one direction, he would be propelled in the opposite direction in line with Newton’s third principle of motion which suggests that he would be propelled at an equal but opposite force to the one used to throw the bag. The ice being frictionless would cause the man not to stop until he reaches the shore. 5. In space, it would be expected that a rocket would have zero momentum as there is no force. To propel and change direction, the rocket thrusters push fuel in one direction and fuel pushes back in the opposite di rection in line with Newton’s third principle of motion. The rocket throws millions of particles from its tail causing it to move in the opposite direction referred to as spacecraft propulsion. Phy 2-1 1. When the jar with orange juice is shaken vigorously, the work done would heat the juice thus increasing the molecules’ kinetic energy. ... 3. a) No. For liquids and solids, the internal energies are complex and would involve potential energies affected by the bonds existing between molecules and atoms. Hence, objects could have same temperature but different internal energies. Similarly, internal energy varies with object mass. When two objects of different temperatures are in contact with each other, there would be transfer of net energy to the colder object from the hotter one no matter their internal energies. b) Yes. For there to be energy transfer, there has to be difference in temperature between two objects, which need not essentially be related to internal energies difference. For a substance to change phase from solid to liquid to gas, energy should be supplied to break the intermolecular interactions. In water, these interactions make it solid as ice. Ice would be hard because the interactions are strongest with the interaction weakening on transformation to steam or gas. When undergoing phase change, energy w ould be consumed to break these interactions as opposed to causing an increase in temperature. As such, the temperature remains constant until that point where all the interactions would be broken. For example, when heat is applied on a block of ice, the temperature of the ice block would rise until it is 00C. The temperature remains constant as the block of ice melts to water as the absorbed heat would be used to break intermolecular bonds as opposed to increasing temperature. The temperature would then rise when all the ice melts to water. Yes. It is possible to convert mechanical energy completely to heat or internal energy. No. The reverse is impossible. According to the second law of thermodynamics, there is no machine that converts heat to mechanical energy hence no 100%

Organisational management in health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisational management in health care - Essay Example Also, regular medical check-ups help maintain the physical fitness of workers and guarantee that work flow will not be derailed due to health reasons. On their part, workers in the healthcare profession should be conscientious enough to provide high quality service. To achieve this, good team work must be established. The unified vision of what the organization wants to achieve and where it wants to go in the future in terms of quality, professionalism, services offered and expertise is what each of the team should aspire for. This paper attempts to analyze how workers in healthcare organizations can work together to attain above-average organizational outcomes. Aside from workers being efficient in the performance of their tasks, key factors in the journey to a team’s success are, good leadership, effective communication and objective evaluation of the team’s performance and quality of service. Management must be consistent in communicating to each worker its philosophy of providing the best quality health care and treatment through collaborative efforts of professionals from different disciplines. Each worker should be able to feel that he is part of a great team that sets high goals and successfully attains them. â€Å"Creating the conditions that engender knowledge transfer entails significant structural and cultural changes by top leadership, which will require leaders to be convinced that the benefits of knowledge transfer outweigh the costs. In the absence of this commitment, it is unlikely that attempts to increase knowledge flow will succeed. Leaders should be cautious about publicly touting the virtues of "knowledge sharing" without a substantive commitment to change, as this may result in the failure of well-intentioned knowledge transfer initiatives, bringing with it lowered employee morale and the potential for resistance against future knowledge-transfer init iatives.† (Burgess, 2005) Leadership may be defined as a â€Å"process in which a

Learner-to-Educator Ratio and its Impact on the Quality of Education Thesis

Learner-to-Educator Ratio and its Impact on the Quality of Education in South African Primary Schools - Thesis Example Though the number of educators has also increased but not at the rate desired to keep pace with student enrolment. Presently there are some 400,000 teachers employed in primary schools. The success of the primary school system is judged by academic performance based mainly on the level of passes in the systemic evaluations that take place in Grade 3 and 6. In 2001 the learner achievement results showed low achievement in numeracy and literacy. There are a number of determinants of academic success such as socioeconomic background of learners, learning facilities, resources, quality of the teachers and learner-to-educator ratio. In 2004 the grade 6 national systemic evaluation indicated that although a new curriculum and learning materials was developed and instituted throughout the primary school system learning achievement was still below par. A great majority of learners scored at the ‘non-achieved’ level (lower than 40% overall) with 41% in natural sciences, 38% in languages and some 27% in mathematics. Only 31% in natural sciences, 28% in languages and 12% in mathematics were functioning at or above the required grade 6 level (scores above 50%) and outstanding (scores over 70%) combined (Bulunga, Daniel, Southall, Lutchman (2006). With the increasing number of learners entering primary school and the low rate of increase of the number of educators it is prudent to note that the disparity between the two will eventually become large and its effects far reaching. As one of the determinants of academic performance the learner-to-educator ratio defined as the average number of pupils per educator at a particular level of education in a given school year becomes important to the delivery of high educational standards. There is a view amongst some researchers and educators suggesting that smaller classes has the benefit of allowing teachers to have the opportunity to devote much more time to every student in an effort

Amelie Rorty on The Historicity of Psychological Attitudes Assignment

Amelie Rorty on The Historicity of Psychological Attitudes - Assignment Example Dynamically permeable love is precarious because once it changes the character of a person; their affair may terminate prematurely (Grau, Para. 22). According to Rorty, dynamically permeable love is distinct from constant rigid love in a number of different ways. Constant rigid love is a kind of love that is consistent and does not change due to circumstances two parties. Amidst difficult times, constant rigid love has the potential to prevail and stand the test of time. Although the character of friends may change due many factors such as growing wealthy or one becoming successful, their friendship will always remain unchanged. Even though the attributes that brought the two friends together initially changes, the love for the two parties remains unshaken. Other contributors of the topic such as Nozick and Kraut also came up with similar description for this kind of love. However, Rorty contends that this particular kind of love does not can grow to higher levels and flourish unlike dynamically permeable that has a high potential. Dynamically permeable love seems to enjoy the support of some groups because it considers changes as a means of guaranteeing consistency whereas constant love fails to do so. It accommodates changes in a partner’s traits for the sake of securing the friendship unlike constant love that is very rigid and protects the status quo (Grau, Para 23). In some instances, Rorty comes out supporting constancy of love as the best kind of love which creates confusion about her actual position on these two kinds of love. However, she fails to point out precisely on what entails constant love. Two definitions of constant love by Kraut leave her confused about the composition of constant love. The first views entail constant love, and the undying love that two friends may have despite character changes. The second one describes it as a love that does not undergo via dynamism given that the

Human resource management 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human resource management 1 - Essay Example Why is this? Employees who are given opportunities to make a more balanced work schedule or enjoy autonomous job functions are likely to stay with the company, rather than exit to another company which might actually be willing to provide flexibility. HRM is not only about offering a more enhanced work environment for employees, with emphasis on autonomy and adaptable scheduling, flexibility can also represent a more streamlined approach to meeting the needs of the business. For instance, a company that has been experiencing diminished sales volumes due to improper customer support might manage the situation by identifying methods to boost motivation for employees to perform to higher productive standards. According to de Silva (1998), flexibility in fast-paced work environments might include team-working projects with creative themes or a series of unorthodox training programmes focused on humor and visual imagery in order to teach the fundamentals of customer service. streamlined, autonomous, and enjoyable working environment. Diminished turnover rates is the largest implication of flexible HRM policy. This tends to create a better camaraderie between manager and subordinate, reinforcing that employees are the cornerstone of business success and that their efforts are appreciated by a more progressive HR leadership team. Flexibility in HRM represents finding a method to boost increased motivation in subordinate staff members using methods to boost job satisfaction. Companies which do not offer these opportunities to employees continue to face higher turnover rates and diminished staff motivation to perform. The largest motivational aspect of flexibility is the autonomy given to employees to boost their willingness to

Urban Regeneration Essay Example for Free

Urban Regeneration Essay The nature of urban policy in United Kingdom (or at least in England) in recent years seems to have set the agenda for the commentative literature to an unexpected degree. Writers on the subject (mainly urban specialists or geographers) appear to have become preoccupied with the same presentational and promotional matters to which the government devotes so much of its energies. Certainly, there is no want of critical discussion of competition as an allocative mechanism, but what is striking is the volume of wordage devoted to partnerships, synergy, community empowerment, sustainability, exit strategies and the like, with precious little reference to how they are to connect with the problems of poverty, unemployment, the never-to-be employed, the demoralisation of long-term or possibly permanent dependency, the intractability of the dependency ratio, the enormous social and economic divisions opening up between minority ethnic groups and between some of them and the white majority, the exclusion (both forced and voluntary) of some groups (definable on a number of dimensions) from civil society and effective citizenship and the denial of social rights that this entails. All these manifestations have spatial dimensions; all of them ought to be the subject of urban policy as well as social policy. And yet the urban policy literature is devoted (metaphorically speaking) to the synergistic qualities of multi-participant partnerships. (There are of course notable exceptions, but the literature that treats urban policy as social policy is very small; Dily Hills most recent work (1994) is one example. ) Any attempt to make sense of the direction that inner-city policy has taken in recent years and of the way the commentative literature has added its gloss, must therefore pay regard to the apparent gap between policy form and strategy on the one hand, and the substance of what needs to be done on the other. Does the seeming preoccupation with form in fact reflect, contrary to appearance, a considered interest in strategies and structures that are genuinely and strictly problems-directed? Is the gap between problems and policies, in other words, more apparent than real? The following paragraphs therefore will consider a number of key components (both organisational and conceptual) of urban policy in England to see how close they bring us to making at least some potential impact on those aspects of urban life that we consider undesirable (if not unacceptable). Community Empowerment There is a clutch of related concepts, each of which is difficult to discuss in isolation from the others. Besides community empowerment there are sustainability, capacity building and exit strategies These last three are more closely related to each other, however, and community empowerment has been around for much longeralthough under a number of different guises. For ease of discussion therefore we shall deal with community empowerment first. More rhetorical fluff attaches to community than to most other words in the social science lexicon (with the possible exception of empowerment). We still seem to have a romantic conception of community; all unitary values and communitarianism. It is far more likely that the first thing a family living on a ghastly peripheral estate would do were it to be empowered (like winning a million on the lottery orbetter stillfinding a permanent job) would be to get out. Does community empowerment really connect with peoples everyday lives? How do they feel when they have been empowered (or not)? Davoudi and Healey, commenting on the manner in which local issues had been discussed with residents in a City Challenge project, observe that Community participants often remarked on their sense of discursive marginalisation' (Davoudi and Healey, 1995, p. 173). Just picture it. There are so many possible interpretations of community empowerment that it would be pointless to enumerate them. Its rhetoric derives from the earlier rhetoric of powerlessness as being possibly the main functional disadvantage from which some of the urban deprived suffer (Cockburn, 1977; Sills et al. , 1988). However, since there was never any clear analysis of in relation to whom and in respect of what they were powerless, what is required of any subsequent process of empowerment remains unclear. Some of the uncertainties concerning empowerment in relation to the current debate about urban policy would include the following. What sort of communities are we mainly concerned with? Much of the literature, and most of the practice, assumes that it is spatial communities that need to be empowered and this must in part be driven by the fact that practically all regeneration policy requires the specification of a locus in which resources will be used. A number of consequential questions then arise. First is the point noted above about whether empowerment (whatever it means) would override commitment to the spatial community. Is it not more likely that given more power, and hence presumably more choice, people would exercise it by moving out? Secondly, it is at least debatable that peoples community attachments and allegiances are increasingly with interest rather than with spatial communities. The ties that bind for many religious, ethnic and racial groups are only incidentally spatial (proportional to the extent of their residential segregation). Thirdly, the argument for community empowerment, to the extent that it assumes . the acquisition of more power, influence or choice (or any combination of these) by the community vis-a-vis other agents and agencies outside the community, necessarily entails the existence of a community interest or value that is to be promoted in the face of external agencies. Now whilst there will be some interests around which all or most of the communitys members may unite, there will be many other interests over which members will be in opposition. The idea that a spatial community can be empowered in any significant way assumes the existence of a unitary set of values and interests. That simply is not plausible. Even in socially and ethnically homogeneous council estates, it would be naive to assume that everyones interests were common and it certainly would not be plausible in an ethnically and racially mixed area. In such a case, the empowerment of some may be at the expense of the influence of others. It follows thenand this is our fourth pointthat in heterogeneous communities or groupings, either someone has to exercise a bit of paternalistic influence over who gets empowered (with any luck, not self-styled community leaders) or you allow a hands-off, free market in internal power struggles and let the weakest go to the wall (again).

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tablets In Pharmaceutical Industry

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tablets In Pharmaceutical Industry Introduction Tablets are solid dosage forms usually containing active pharmaceutical ingredient and excipients in powder, crystalline or granular form with or without diluents which is prepared either by moulding or compression process. They are solid, biconvex or flat in shape and vary in size, shape and weight which is depends on the medicaments which are used for preparation. They are also varying in hardness, disintegration; dissolution characteristics and thickness depend on their intended use and method of manufacture. Tablets are the most widely used solid dosage forms because of their advantages and popularity increasing day by day. Tablet usually contains filler, diluents, binders, lubricants, glidants, disintegrants, antiadherent, colouring agents and flavouring agents as excipients.[Ansels Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Eighth Edition, Loyd V. Allen, Jr, Nicholos G. Popovich, Howard C. Ansel, 2005, pp-228-245] Advantages of tablets Unit dosage forms with accurate, stable dose and great precision and least variability. Most stable with respect to physical, chemical and microbiological attributes. Cheapest oral dosage form, easy to handle, use and carry out with attractive and elegant appearance. Cheap, easy to swallow and production does not require and additional processing steps. Provide protection of medicaments from atmospheric conditions like air, moisture and light, etc. Provide prolonged stability to medicaments. Low manufacturing cost as compare to other solid dosage forms and large scale production is possible. Administration of minute dose of drug in accurate amount. Unpleasant taste can be masked by sugar coating. Easy to divide into halves and quarters whenever fraction dose is required. Formulate as a special release products such as enteric or delayed release products. Packing and production is cheap and does not require more space for storage. Disadvantages of tablets Drugs which are amorphous and low density character are difficult to compress into tablet. Hygroscopic drugs are not suitable for compressed tablets. Drugs with low or poor water solubility, sloe dissolution, high absorbance in GI tract may be difficult to formulate. Sensitive to oxygen drugs may require special coating. Cost of production may be increase because of coating and encapsulation to remove bitter and unpleasant taste. Some tablet may cause problem in bioavailability. Difficult to formulate liquid in tablet and swallowing is difficult especially for children and ill patients. Types of tablets There are many types of tablets according to the intended of use and manufacturing process. [A] Oral tablet intended for ingestion Compressed tablets: Tablets can be made by compression of one or more active pharmaceutical ingredient with excipients by basic methods of tablet manufacturing. These types of tablets usually intended to provide raid drug release and disintegration. Tablets are coated after compression. Multiple compressed tablets: Multiple compressed tablets are prepared by compressing the material more than once. These are known as multiple layered tablets or tablet within tablet. Layered are depends on number of fills. Layered tablets are prepared by compaction of fill material in die followed by additional of fill material and compression. Delayed action or Enteric coated tablets: These types of tablets contain a coating which resist dissolution of tablets in Gastro Intestinal Track (GIT) and disintegrate in intestinal fluids thus rendering delayed release features. Enteric coating is generally apply when drug substance is unstable in gastric fluid and may destroyed or may cause irritation in gastric mucosa or to extent absorption of drug from intestine. Normally coating materials mixed with acid and acid functionality or modified natural polymers. Most commonly used coating polymers are: Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose phthalate. Sugar coated tablet: Compressed tablets may be coated with coloured or uncoloured sugar coating and the coater is water soluble and dissolve quickly after swallowing. Sugar coat protects drug from environment, remove bitter taste and odour, enhance the appearance of tablet and permit identifying information. Sugar coating has some disadvantages like increase coat of production, require expertise for coating, increase size and weight. Film coated tablets: Tablets are compressed with a thin layer of polymer which forms a skin like film over tablet. The film is usually coloured, more durable and less bulky. The coating is designed to rupture and expose of tablet at desired location within GIT. Most commonly used polymers are Hydroxy propyl cellulose, Hydroxy ethyl and propyl methyl cellulose. Chewable tablet: These types of tablets have smooth surface, creamy base and usually flavoured and coloured mannitol, rapid disintegration which allow dissolving quickly in mouth. These types mostly useful for administration of large dose to children and adults. [B]Tablet used for oral cavity Buccal tablets and sublingual tablets: Buccal and sublingual tablets are flat in shape and intended to dissolve drug in buccal cavity or beneath the tongue for mucosa absorption. These techniques useful for drugs which are destroyed by gastric fluid or poor absorption in GIT. Buccal tablets erode slowly and sublingual tablets dissolve quickly and produce rapid effect. Troches and Lozenges: They are intended to slowly dissolution mostly for local effect but sometimes for systemic absorption. Troches and Lozenges are disc shaped which contain active ingredient and flavouring agent in hard candy or sugar base. Dental cones: dental cones are designed to place in the empty socket for prevention of bacterial growth and sometime bleeding by containing coagulant. Dental cones release slowly for long duration. [C] Tablets for other routes Vaginal tablet: Vaginal tablets are prepared by compression and shaped to fit snugly on plastic inserter devices in uncoated bullet shaped or ovoid tablets which are inserted into vagina for local effects with slow dissolution. They contain anti bacterial effect and also called vaginal inserts. Implantation tablet: Implantation tablets are injected under the skin by giving a small surgical cut into the skin. A special injector a hallow needle and plunger may require for administration. Purpose of these tablets is to prolong drug effect from month to year. These tablets are implanted intramuscularly or subcutaneous so they must be sterile and packed in sterile container. [Pharmaceutics I, P.V. KASTURE, S.R. PARAKH, S.A. HASAN, S.B. GOKHALE, June 2008, pp-14-7,21] [D] Tablets for solution Effervescent tablet: Effervescent tablets prepared by compression of granular salts which release in contact with water. Dispensing tablets: These types of tablets are no longer use because they had dangerous potential. They might be termed compounding tablets because it contain highly potent drug and pharmacist use it for compound prescription. Hypodermic tablets: Hypodermic tablets are soft moulded tablets which contain soluble ingredient and used for extemporaneous parenteral preparation by physician. They are no longer in use because it is difficult to achieve sterility and availability of stable liquid. Tablet triturates: tablet triturates are rarely use now a days because they are obsolete. They are small, cylindrical, molded which contain small amount of potent drug. They must be readily soluble in water and minimum amount pressure require during manufacture. Triturates inserted into capsules or dissolved in liquid to provide accurate potent drug. Tablet Excipients: Excipients are substance other that active ingredient in formulation of tablet. The roles of excipients are to ensure tabletting operation satisfactory and ensure that tablets of specified quality are prepared. Depend on intended use; they are subcategorised in different groups. However excipients affect properties of tablets. Diluents or filler A small amount of powder requires forming suitable size tablet for easy handling. Normally tablet weigh 50mg so some amount of bulk drug requires to incorporation in formulation of tablet which enhance size of tablet. These powders known as diluents or fillers. The ideal dilute should have following properties- cheap, chemically inert, acceptable taste, good compactability and dilution capacity, biocompatible, good biopharmaceutical properties and non hygroscopic. A single substance cannot fulfil all these requirements so different substance have gained use as diluents mainly carbohydrates and inorganic salts sometimes. The most common diluent is lactose because it possess a sires of good properties like dissolves readily in water, has a pleasant taste, non hygroscopic is fairly non reactive and shows good compact ability. Its main limitation is that some people have intolerance to lactose. Basically lactose exists in two forms crystalline and amorphous. Other sugar and sugar alcohols such as glucose, sucrose, and mannitol have been used as alternative fillers, mostly in chewable tablets or lozenges because of their pleasant taste. Other important example of the filler is an inorganic substance, dicalcium phosphate dehydrate. It is insoluble in water and also non hygroscopic but have hydrophilic property i.e. easily wetted by water. It also has good flow ability and therefore it is used mostly in direct compaction. [Michael, Pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines.- 3rd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 2007.] [ Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman and Joseph L. Kanig. (1991). the theory and practise of industrial pharmacy. 3rd addition: Varghese publishing house. Page no. 293- 303.] Disintegrants: According to Michael, 2007, a disintegrant is added in formulation of tablet, which promotes drug dissolution and provide an effective surface area, when comes in contact to liquid and breaks down in small fragments. The process of disintegration for tablet occurs in main two steps [1] Tablet wets by sold and pores it [2] Breaks down of tablet into small fragments which include aggregation of primary particles into small drug particles. Disintegrant suggested in some mechanism such as swelling of particles, wetting reaction, repulsion of particle and particle recovery. Most common types of disintegrants in tablets are maize, potato and corn starch. the concentration of starch is up to 10% required but today normally modified starch or modified cellulose are used which are very high swelling disintegrants. So its requires typically 1-5% by weight which facilitate particle-particle repulsion. However, disintegrants can be mixed with other ingredients such as granules to increase effective disintegration of the tablet into smaller fragments. Leon Lachman et al, 1991, suggested that other group of disintegrants may function by producing gas, normally carbon dioxide, in contact with water. This types of disintegrants used in effervescent tablets and normally not in tablets that should be swallowed as a solid. The liberation of carbon dioxide is achieved by the decomposition of carbonate salts or bicarbonate in contact with acidic water. The acidic pH is obtained by adding citric acid and tartaric acid. [ Michael, Pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines.- 3rd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 2007. 3. Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman and Joseph L. Kanig. (1991). the theory and practise of industrial pharmacy. 3rd addition: Varghese publishing house. Page no. 293- 303] Binder Binder is added to the tablet or filler mixture to ensure that tablets and granules have sufficient mechanical strength. There are several ways to add it in powder- Mixed with powder before wet granulation which completely or partially dissolves during agglomeration process by agglomeration liquid. Mixed with other ingredient as a dry powder solution before compaction process As a solution used as agglomeration liquid during wet granulation. Typically 2-10% of binders or dry binders are used in formulation. Most tradition common binders are starch, sucrose and gelatine but now most common are polyvinylpyrrolidone and cellulose derivatives which have improved adhesive properties. Examples of dry binders are microcrystalline cellulose and crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone. Solution binders are most effective therefore it is incorporated in granules. Glidant The role of the Glidant is to improve the flow ability of the powder. Glidants are used in formulation for direct compaction but they are also used in granulation process before tabletting which ensure flow ability of tablet mass for high speed production. Traditionally talc has been used as glidant about 1-2% concentration in formulation but nowadays the most commonly used glidant is colloidal silica added in very low proportion about 0.2% by weight.[ Michael, Pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines.- 3rd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 2007. 3. Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman and Joseph L. Kanig. (1991). the theory and practise of industrial pharmacy. 3rd addition: Varghese publishing house. Page no. 293- 303] Lubricant The function of lubrication is to ensure low lubrication between solid and the die wall during tablet formation and ejection. High friction during tabletting can cause a series of problems such as inadequate tablet quality and may even stop production. Lubrication is most important which included in most of production. Lubrication can get by mainly two mechanism, fluid lubrication and boundary lubrication. In fluid lubrication, liquid is achieved between die surface and tablet surface which separates the moving surfaces of the solids from each other and reduces the friction. While in boundary lubrication, it is considered as a surface phenomenon, as here moving surface is separated by a very thin layer of lubricants. Such boundary lubricants are Stearic acid salts, primarily Magnesium Stearate which is most widely use due to its superior lubrication properties. Besides reducing friction, lubricants may also causes undesirable changes such as reducing tablet strength with bonding between the particles during compaction. Because of hydrophobic properties of lubricants, tablet disintegration and dissolution are often retarded by the addition of lubricants. Thus, minimum amount of lubricants are used, i.e. concentrations of 1% or below, often 0.25-0.5%.in order to avoid these negative effects, more hyd rophilic substances have been suggested as alternatives to the hydrophobic lubricants. For example, surface active agents and polyethylene glycols and sometimes a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances might also be used. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design, Second Edition, 2002, pp.408-412] Antiadherent Antiadherent are substance which reduce adhesion between powder and punch faces which prevent sticking of particles to punches. The sticking is mainly affected by moisture content of the powder. Such adherence especially prone to happen if the tablet punches have marking or symbols which lead to a build of thin layer of powder on the punches which in turn will lead to an uneven and matt tablet surface with unclear markings or symbols. Some lubricants such as Magnesium Stearate have also antiadherent properties. However, other substances with limited ability to reduce friction can also act as antiadherent such as talc and starch. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design, Second Edition, 2002, pp.408-412] Sorbents Sorbents are substances which has capacity to sorbing some quantities of fluid into dry state. So oil and oil-drug solutions can be incorporated into mixture of powder and compacted into tablets. Most commonly used sorbents are Microcrystalline Cellulose and Silica. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design, Second Edition, 2002, pp.408-412] Flavouring agents Flavouring agents are incorporated into a formulation to remove unpleasant taste of bitter drug or to make tablet more pleasant or mask. This can be achieved by coating or by adding some drug particles. Most of Flavouring agents are thermolabile so it cannot be added in process which involve heating. They are mixed with granules as alcoholic solution. Colouring agents The aim to add colourant is to aid identification of tablet, improve looks of tablet and patient compliance. Mostly, colourant are added during coating of tablet but some of colourant may be added in formulation prior to compaction. Colourant may be added as an insoluble powder or dissolved in granulation liquid and the latter procedure may produce colour variation by migration of soluble dye during drying stage. Method of tablet preparation Three types method of tablet preparation- [1] Direct compression method [2] Wet granulation [3] Dry granulation Direct compression method Some chemicals have free flowing and cohesive properties so they are enable to compress directly in a tablet machine without granulation of it. Some chemicals lacking of these qualities so some excipients like filler, disintegrants agents, lubricants and glidants are used to impart these qualities for production of tablets by direct compression. Figure (A) Steps of direct compression tableting Some precaution must be taken during direct compression to avoid air entrapment which cause capping, splitting, or laminating of tablets. Forced feeders or induced feeders are used to reduce air entrapment, make filling powder more dense and amenable to compaction. Capping also may be caused by punches that are not perfectly clean and flawlessly smooth or by too much fines granulation. Some aged or improperly stored tablets also may exhibit splitting and other physical deformations. Wet granulation Granulation is process in which primary powder particles are made to form large and these types of multi particle called granules. In pharmaceutical industry, granules are useful in production of tablets and capsules in ranges of particle size between0.2 to 0.5mm. Granulation prevents segregation of constituents of powder, improve flow ability of powder, improve compaction characteristics of mixture and reduce toxic dust. Wet granulation is widely used method for production of compressed tablets which include flowing steps- Weighting and blending In this step, specified quantities of active ingredient, diluents or fillers, and disintegrating agents are mixed by mechanical powder blender or mixture until uniform. Most widely used fillers are lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, powdered sucrose, and calcium phosphate. Selections of filler depend on the experience of manufacture, cost and compatibility with formulation. Among the fillers, lactose is most preferred because of its solubility and compatibility, and microcrystalline cellulose, because of its easy compaction compatibility and consistent uniformity of supply. Disintegrating agents include croscarmellose, corn and potato starches, sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVP), cation exchange resins, alginic acid and other materials which swell or expand on exposure to moisture and helps to breakup tablets in gastrointestinal track (GIT). Mainly croscarmellose and sodium starch glycolate are used because of their high water uptake and rapid action. Mostly up to 5-10% of starch is suitable for formulation, but up to about 20% may be used to facilitate more rapid tablet disintegration. The total amount of disintegrant is not always used but sometime it added in preparation of granulation and sometime half of it added to tablet formation which called double disintegration of tablet. One portion of disintegrant assist breakup of tablet into pieces and other portion breakup pieces into particles. Preparation of Damp Mass A liquid binder is now added to the powder to facilitate adhesion of powder particles. A damp mass resembling dough is formed and used to prepare the granulation. A good binder is very important for hardness of tablet and does not hinder the release of drug from the tablet. Most widely used binders are povidone, an aqueous preparation of corn starch (10-20%), methyl cellulose (3%), carboxymethylcellulose, and microcrystalline cellulose. Some drugs may be adversely affected by an aqueous binder then non-aqueous solutions or dry binder may be used. The amount of binders is a part of operation which maintains integrity of tablet after compression. However, care must be exercised not to over or underwet powder otherwise underwet can result too hard granules for proper tablet formulation and overwet can result too soft and tend to crumble in under wetting. After getting desired dump mass a colorant or flavorant may be added to prepare a granulation with an added features. Screening Damp Mass into Pellets and Granules The Dump Mass is pressed through 6 or 8 mesh size to prepare granules. This process may be done by hand or by special equipment which prepares granules by extrusion process. The final product are spread on large piece of paper in trays and dried. Drying the granulation Granules may be dried in special drying cabinets which is thermostatically controlled at constantly record the time, temperature and humidity. Fluid bed drier and tray drier are commonly used for during process. Sizing the granulation by Dry Screening After drying, the granules are passed through a screen of a smaller mess than that used to prepare the original granulation. The size of granules depends upon the size of the punches to be used. Usually 12 to 20 mesh sizes are used for granulation. Sizing of the granules is necessary so that the die cavities for tablet compression may be completely or rapidly filled by the free flowing granules. Voids or air spaces left by too large a granulation result in production of uneven tablets. Adding Lubrication and Blending After dry screening, a dry lubricant is spread over the granulation through a fine mess screen which contributes to preparation of compressed tablets. Among the most commonly used lubricants are talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, and sodium stearyl fumarate in ranges of 0.1% to 5%. Lubricants improve flow property of granules form hooper ti die, prevent adhesion during compaction, reduce friction between die and punch and provide a sheen final product. Figure (B) Tablet compression by wet granulation [Pharmaceutics I, P.V. KASTURE, S.R. PARAKH, S.A. HASAN, S.B. GOKHALE, June 2008, pp-14-7, 21] Some special wet granulation techniques High shear mixture granulation Fluid bed granulation Extrusion- spheronisation Spray drying Dry granulation In this method, powder mixer is compressed in large pieces and subsequently broken down or sized into granules. In this method, either active ingredient or diluent must have cohesive properties. This method is basically applied to materials which cannot be prepared by wet granulation because of moisture degradation properties or thermo-mobile properties of granules. It is carried out by two steps: Slugging: After weighing and the mixing of ingredients, the powder mixture is slugged or compressed into large flat tablets about one inch in diameter. Slugs are than broken up hand or mill and passed through a screen of desired mess for sizing and sometimes lubricant are added and prepared by compression. Roller compaction: Instead of slugging, powder compactors may be used to increase the density of a powder by pressing it between rollers at 1 ton to 6 tons of pressure. The compact material is broken up, sized, and lubricated, and tablets are prepared by compression. Commonly used binding agents are methyl cellulose or hydroxylmethyl cellulose (6-12%) which produces good hardness and friability of tablet. Figure (C) Tablet compression by Dry Granulation [Pharmaceutics I, P.V. KASTURE, S.R. PARAKH, S.A. HASAN, S.B. GOKHALE, June 2008, pp-14-7, 21] Tableting of granulation: There are different types of tabletting machines which are used in the productivity but similar in basic function and operation. They all compress tablet formulation within steel die cavity by the pressure exerted by the movement of two steel punches, lower punch and an upper punch. Problems in manufacture of tablet Capping and lamination: Capping means partial and complete separation of the top or bottom crowns of a tablet from main body of a tablet. While lamination is term used to describe the separation of the two or more distinct layers. Some reasons which are responsible for these problems are as follows: Air is entrapped among the particles during the compression process and does not escape until compression pressure is released. Die wall pressure causes enough internal stress to cause a crack which is due to plastic deformation of the particles during compaction. Sometimes due to deep concave or bevelled edge punches. Development of wear ring. This problem can reduced or eliminated by slowing tabletting rate, granules with sufficient moisture, pre-compression, using flat punches, correct adjustment punches. [Porter, S C, 1981, Tablet coating, Drug Cosmetic Indu, May 46, June 44, Aug 40, Sept 50] Weight variation: This is very important in process control measurement. If anything that can alter the die filling process can alter tablet weight, it causes weight variation because the weight of the tablet being compressed is determined by the amount of the granulation in the die prior to compression. Some causes of variation are large granules, poor mixing of granules with lubricants and glidants, poor granulation flow from hopper, double impression and punch variation. Picking Picking is the term used to describe the surface material from tablet that is sticking to being removed from the tablets surface by a punch. It concerns when punching tips have engraving or embossing Sticking Sticking is usually referred to adhesion of tablet material to die wall. Because of that, lower punch cannot move freely and additional force is required to overcome friction between die wall and the tablet. These problems can be solved by design large lettering, adding polishing agent such as colloidal silica or additional lubricants. Some low melting point substances such as polyethylene glycol may also cause sticking at the heat of compression. Such Remedies are addition of high melting point materials and consequently increasing size of tablet. Mottling: Mottling is term used unequal distribution of colour on a tablet with light and dark areas. Its due to colour difference of drug with excipients or drugs whose degradation product is coloured. Such problems might be solved by using colorants but it can cause mottling on the top of surface when granulation undergoes drying. To overcome difficulties, it require to change solvent system, binder system and by reducing temperature. Tablet coating Tablet coating is application of coating of material to the exterior of tablet with some intentional benefits. It is also intended for modified release applications. Main three types of coating are- Film coating Sugar coating Press coating Coating of tablets are for following purposes- [1] Protection from environment, light and moisture [2] To remove bitter taste of some tablets and for easy swallowing of tablets [3] Colour coating mask differences in appearance which effect on patient compliance [4] Rapid identification by manufacturer, pharmacist and patient [5] Functional films can enable sustained and enteric protection [6] Improve looks (elegance), masks and minor difference in raw material appereance [7] Enhance strength, reduce dust and cross contamination Film coating This is more modern and widely used for tablet coating. Most of newly launched coated products are film coated rather than sugar coating. Film coating involves covering of tablet by thin film layer of coating liquid (polymer). Coating liquid is sprayed in a rotating tablet bed or bed fluidised tablet which contains plasticizer, polymer, colourant and solvent. The drying condition permits removal of solvent and leaves a thin layer around each tablet. Sometimes aqueous solution or organic solutions are used to reduce elimination of volatile organic compound, health and safety and cost reduction purposes. Film coating polymer should have following properties- [1] Optimum solubility to facilitate dissolution of final product. High soluble for immediate release and low soluble for controlled release. [2] Optimum viscosity to permit and trouble free spraying of solution. [3] Optimum permeability to optimize shelf life of tablet preparation and some tuned to provide an effective barrier oxygen and water vapour. [4] Good mechanical strength to withstand the impact and abrasion encountered in normal handling which avoids cracks and imperfections. Cellulose derivatives like Hydroxypropylmethylcellulosa (HPMC), methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and Methacrylate amino ester copolymer are available polymer for film coating. Sugar coating Sugar coating involves the successive application of sucrose based solutions to tablet cores in suitable equipment. Some stages in production of sugar coated tablets are- [1] Sealing of tablet core- provide water proofing core from coating process and shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate are normally used in sealing process. [2] Sub coating- it is the actual start of sugar coating which provides necessary build-up to roundup the tablet edge. Bulking agents such as calcium carbonate or talc added in sucrose solution with gum. [3] Smoothing it increases tablet size to predetermined dimension by syrup solution. This solution contains pigments, starch, gelatine, acacia or opacifier. [4] Colouring- dyes or pigments [5] Polishing- tablets need to be polished to achieve final elegance by waxes like beeswax, carnubawax or hard paraffin. [6] Printing Difference between sugar and film coating Press coating Press coating involves compaction of granules material around core of tablet with the use of compressing equipment like Manesty Drycota. Today press coating is used in to separate incompatible placed core and coating layer. This process requires some care and large or irregularly sized agglomerate of granules may cause core to tilt in die. Disadvantages of process arise from complexities of mechanism used in compression equipment. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Sc

Southern Musical Tradition and the African Tradition Essay -- Music Mu

Southern Musical Tradition and the African Tradition The second major tributary of the southern musical tradition comes from the African continent and is the heritage import of the five million slaves brought to North America against their will to provide the bulk of the labor in the pre-industrial agrarian south. Contemporary blues, while not exclusively black music by any means, remains largely black in terms of its leading performers and, to a lesser extent, its listening audience. The forerunner of the modern urban blues was, however, almost exclusively black and was completely southern and rural. It was, and is, a music born out of the experience of slavery and Jim Crow segregation with their attendant poverty, alienation and suppression. As a musical genre, this remarkable and durable expression has an enormous relevance for the historical development of southern music in general and the southern black experience in particular. Modern blues evolved out of the southern "country blues" and became an urban phenomenon in the same social, economic and demographic processes which urbanized black Americans during the two or three decades prior to World War II. Thus, an examination of the black country blues provides a potentially fruitful vehicle for the study of southern rural culture viz a viz the black experience. At the very least, it provides a means for assessing the perceptions of southern culture which were held and articulated by a sensitive group of observers -- the bluesmen and blueswomen of the rural south. The extent to which their music was received, popularized and appreciated by their audience provides a broader look at the hopes and drea... ...cal development, display similar structural and thematic content and have, since the 1960s, begun to recognize and celebrate these commonalities. Works Cited: Chapple, Steve and Reebee Garofalo. Rock and Roll is Here to Pay. Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1977. Elkins, Stanley. Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life, 2nd ed. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1968. Morthland, John. The Best of Country Music. Garden City: Doubleday, 1984. Oliver, Paul. Savannah Syncopators: African Retentions in the Blues. London: November Books, Limited, 1970. Smith, M.G. "Social and Cultural Pluralism," in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 83 (January, 1957):763-777. Van den Berghe, Pierre. Race and Racism: A Comparative Perspective, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1978.

The Stranger Essay -- English Literature

The Stranger The Stranger exhibits a society that has confined itself with a specific set of social standards that dictate the manner in which people are supposed to act. This ideology determines the level of morality, and how much emphasis should placed on following this certain "ethical" structure. Albert Camus's main character, Meursault, is depicted as a nonconformist that is unwilling to play society's game. Through Meursault's failure to comply with society's values and conform to the norm, he is rejected and also condemned to death by society. He is tried for the crime of murder, but is not judged solely on his actions during the aforementioned crime. He is judged on his specific actions that society regards as absurd according to its social standards. Meursault's different outlook on life differentiates him from the society around him, and as a result, he is deemed a threat to society's moral standard. He is unwilling to relinquish his philosophy and subsequently is convicted due to his inability to conform as society intends. "Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I don't know." Meursault's character is unable to physically express emotion regarding any situation. Even through the first person narrative that Camus employs, the reader is unable to get a grasp as to Meursault's personal feelings regarding certain events in the novel. The event of his mother's death seems to have no effect on Meursault. He is neither saddened nor overjoyed by the news of his mother's death. During the funeral, he is unable to show any emotion, and gives the reader no insight as to what he is thinking or feeling. The fact that he did not cry and the fact that he did not pay his respects comes back to haunt Meurs... ...ble and unknown. The Stranger reveals the condemnation of man who was unwilling to conform to the norm of Algerian society. His unconventional philosophy concerning life made him an outcast and used as a scapegoat for society's failure to uphold its own moral standard. It is the fear of Meursault's ideology that condemns him. It is the fear that his ideology would affect others from conforming to society's standard that convicts him and sentences him to death. Society had to eradicate any threat that might hinder conformity. Meursault refuses to become another robot of society and adhere to the commonalities that occur in society. Meursault had to live his life according to his ideology not that of society. Only by realizing the absurdity of life does Meursault truly live a fulfilled existence. "I felt that I had been happy and that I was happy again."

Affirmative Action In Seattle :: essays research papers

Affirmative Action in Seattle Present efforts to repeal affirmative action are based on several general misconceptions. One is that our society, having reached a point of true equality, no longer needs programs that help government recruit and hire qualified women, people of color, and persons with disabilities. Unfortunately, there is abundant evidence -- from Census Bureau data and academic studies, to news accounts and everyday experiences -- that we still have a long way to go to achieve equality of opportunity for all social groups. Another misconception is that affirmative action is based on quotas, and that, as a result, the government is hiring unqualified candidates. This view fundamentally misrepresents the reality of affirmative action in the City of Seattle. The City's affirmative action program does not establish numerical quotas for hiring decisions, nor does it result in the hiring of unqualified candidates on the basis of gender or race. What the City of Seattle's affirmative action program does is very simple: first, it gives City managers and personnel officers a snapshot of the labor market, so that they are aware of the availability rates for different groups for a given job classification. Through these availability rates, the City can determine whether or not women, people of color, or persons with disabilities are underrepresented in a given job classification within the work force; second, the City's affirmative action program encourages managers and personnel officers to make special outreach efforts into groups and communities that are underrepresented in our work force, in order to increase the number of qualified candidates in the potential hiring pool; Third, the City's affirmative action program directs that when there are two fully qualified candidates for a given position, preference should be given to the candidate that will make our work force more reflective of the labor pool and the broader community. Still another misconception is that affirmative action fosters "reverse discrimination" by giving minority candidates an unfair advantage over white candidates. However, a recent statewide study of affirmative action practices concluded that "whites are the primary beneficiaries of affirmative action programs affecting hiring -- this includes large numbers of white men as well as white women." It is also important to note that once the work force of a certain job classification within a particular City department reaches the point where it reflects the diversity of the available labor pool, affirmative action efforts are terminated for those job classifications. Affirmative action is only utilized for job classifications where women, people of color, and persons with disabilities are underrepresented within the work force. This overall approach has served Seattle well. It has provided a

Dunkin Donuts: Strategy and Strategic Management Essay

â…  . Introduction of the Company Dunkin’ Donuts is an American global doughnut company and coffehouse chain based in Canton, Massachusetts. In 1948, William Rosenberg opened his first restaurant as Open Kettle, in Quincy, Massachusetts. In 1949, the name ‘Open Kettle’ was changed to ‘Kettle Donuts’. In 1950, it was founded by William Rosenberg in Quincy, Massachusetts. And the now corporate name Dunkin’ Donuts adopted. In 1955, Rosenberg sold franchise of Dunkin’ Donuts to others. In 1959, Rosenberg was began lobbying for Dunkin’ Donuts at the International Franchise Association. In 1963, the chain’s 100th restaurant opened. In 1979, Growth was exponential starting. The chain had 1,000 restaurants. In 1990, the chain had 2,000 restaurants. In 1992, the chain had 3,000 restaurants. In 1996, bagels were introduced to the Dunkin’ Donuts menu. In 1997, breakfast sandwiches were introduced to the Dunkin’ Donuts menu. Dunkindonut.org was founded by a customer, for disgruntled consumers and employees to lodge complaints about the company. In 1999, the site appeared before the company’s own website in many search engines, and received national media coverage before being purchased by Dunkin’ Donuts. In 2002, Rosenberg passed away from bladder cancer at the age of 86 in his Mashepee, Cape Cod home. In 2004, the company’s headquarters were relocated to Canton. In 2006, Dunkin’ Donuts began using the slogan â€Å"America Runs on Dunkin† which continues to be used in many advertisement campaigns. In 2007, Dunkin’ Donuts featured tear-off pieces on its coffee cups and created a promotional campaign centered on a coffee cup named Joe Dunkin. In 2008, Dunkin’ Donuts opened its first â€Å"green† restaurant in St. Peterburg, Florida that is Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED) certified. On December 10,2008, Nigel Travis was appointed Chief Excutive Officer of Dunkin’ Donuts’ Brands. Dunkin’ Donuts offered a 99 cent latte, cappuccino, and espresso promotion from 1-10 pm. In 2009, Nigel Travis assumed the role of Dunkin’ Donuts President. Dunkin’ Donuts temporarily stopped the sale of Dunkaccino and hot chocalate because of concern of a possible salmonella poisoning at a suppplier’s facilities. The Kainos Partners Holding Co., which owned and operated 56 Dunkin’ Donuts, filed for bankruptcy. In 2010, Dunkin’ Donuts’ gloabal system-wide sales were $6 billion. In 2011, Dunkin’ Donuts ranked first for customer loyalty in the coffee category by Brand Keys.(~2016) In 2012, Dunkin’ Donuts switched its beverage provider from PepsiCo to The Coca-Cola but Canadian restaurants. Dunkin’ Donuts launched its first-ever mobile application for payment and gifting for iPhone, iPod touch and Android smartphones. In 2013, Nigel Travis assumed the role of Chairman of the Board and Paul Twohig was appointed to President, Dunkin’ Donuts U.S & Canada. Dunkin’ Brands was bought by French beverage company Pernod Ricard S.A.   The Dunkin’ Donuts chain in Thailand used an advertisement that contained a photograph of a woman in black face-paint, and then was criticized by racist. In 2014, Dunkin’ Donuts is owned by Dunkin’ Brands Inc. that also owns Baskin-Robbins.1 â… ¡. Background of the Case Case7 is Strategy and Strategic Management parts. The group will try a combination of the Dunkin Donuts SWOT analysis coming out to Takeaway7.2 in it. Dunkin Donuts is located firmly in the brand image itself a product called donut when viewed in terms of Strength first. So, you are ahead of the exclusive position in the same line of business. Loyal customers of Dunkin Donuts are sufficiently secured as much as the preemption. In addition, there is a confidence in marketing as much as  maintaining the top spot by far the confectionery industry, also the ability of marketing, it is world-class standards. In the second Weakness surface, recognition of the donut is high, awareness of Dunkin coffee is insufficient. In addition, due to excessive low-price policy, image of low-cost coffee are planted. And with the exception of coffee, drink alternative missing. In addition, the sense of crisis has increased the advent of direct competitors, such as Krispy Kreme. However, in Opportunity surface, Life patterns of consumers, rather than rice and miso soup with bread and coffee were changed. The greatest opportunities is that number of competitor is small. So is that customer acquisition potential of the donut market is large. Bean market has many competitors. However, the possibility of development of the market potential has a number of advantages. Finally let’s look at the part of the threat. Not good visual of Fast Food. And Due to the recession, consumer sentiment will have been shrinking. Due to preemption of coffee bar in the coffee market will be larger for the anxiety. Next the group will explain 4P strategy. First, let’s look at the side of the Price of 4P. Donut has maintained the price of 700-900 yens, Coffee is between 1900-2900 won the traditional coffee brands to be priced much lower than. This leads to a competitive product that can be together a delicious coffee and donuts at 4000 yen is the price of a cup of coffee Starbuck. However, the image of coffee poor quality of low-cost, there is no competitiveness. So, Dunkin ‘Donuts is tried to produce a new production for Fussy appetite domestic consumers. Reasonable price in terms of taste and quality as well as Dunkin’ Donuts is an advantage. In terms of the product, Dunkin’ Donuts is the core of the approximately 50 more Donuts and recently more diverse is the coffee. Use only Al Rabika John coffee beans, management and strict retention period, use only the high quality that meets packaged (packaging), Dunkin coffee is inclined efforts of most clean and freshness. In addition, The basic idea of the Dunkin ‘Donuts is the QSC. Q is quality of the product (Quality), S is the course all services (Service), C is means cleanliness most important in food (Cleanliness). In order to protect the QSC, Apart from other products to make the donuts each region operates 10 plants twice a day produces fresh  donuts. In addition, if the distribution is limited to 12 hours per day overdue. Made on the day of the donut, but can sell to consumers with strict internal discipline. In third aspect place, It is intended for office workers and college students in their 20s and 30s are the most important core layer, Dunkin Donuts, important Jongno, and university district and Gangnam which I opened a store such. Lung shop rate and stay in less than 5%, I’m running the first also to ensure the distribution chain. However, as important as the fact that increasing the number of stores is the atmosphere of the store. Went to make the image work and home, and during the middle of the store through the ads in a variety of media. Strategy to place a comfortable third he was successful in the same way as home. Gentrification of these places is as important as to gentrification the quality of the product. Finally, promotion, for connecting in relation to consumer intense, yet friendly awareness of Dunkin ‘brand that is already known in order to solidify to consolidate its position as one of the existing market in, I was the advertising executive on a large scale. It was great results from a subject and rapid industrialization, the office workers in their 20s and 30s that are always busy with work, we performed aggressive marketing that appealed to the sensibility. When you eat a donut to be out from the sale of donut simple, always, enjoys with coffee, women in their 20s and 30s like Lee Byung Hun, Kim Jae Won, advertisements that put a strong message, by the executive with the actor handsome young like Otani Ryohei, and attracted the eyes of these. â… ¢ Answers to Questions â… ¢-1. what does a Porter’s Five Forces analysis reveal about the industry in which Dunkin Donuts and starbuck’s compete, and what are its strategic implications for Dunkin Donuts? Dunkin Donuts make challenge to Starbucks. Tony Fabez who is the COO of Dunkin international said â€Å"You can drink fresh brewed coffee only passed 2~4 weeks at Dunkin while you drink coffee made by coffee bean which passed 6 months from roasted.† Dunkin actually originally have sell coffee, but Dunkin challenge king of coffee shop-Starbucks,2 so Dunkin is new entrance  of coffee market. Dunkin’s competitive benefit is overwhelming number of franchises and cheaper price. Starbucks original coffee costs 2.5$ while Dunkins original coffee costs 1.9$. Primarily coffee market has low entry barrier. I learned in society class that coffee producing country can’t start price fixing because coffee is easy to growing. Rivalry among existing firms is intensive. There are so many coffee shops like Starbucks, Hollys coffee, Tom and Toms coffee, etc.. Saturation is exact. In other word, a lots number of coffee shop are presenting the large needs of coffee. Suppliers-as yo u know, there are abundant suppliers- buyers easily gets coffee beans. And competitors also can easily gets coffee beans. Actually coffee suppliers are selling it for too cheap price so buyer takes too much benefits.3 except coffee bean supplier, there are coffee roaster supplier, but I think their tiny company can’t exert their influence to major companies. Buyer-I think those company should take care of the buyers, the most should pay attention, buyers are sensitive at taste and price but they take a serious view of accessibility, service, awareness and atmosphere. Dunkin has better accessibility but if buyers first meet friend in a long time or meet people in business, they will go to Starbucks not dunkin! It means Starbucks’ competitive benefit is formality. Subtitute products-What can subtitute coffee? There are no tea franchise. Except alchol, there aren’t any ‘hot’ beverage like coffee. Recent 5 years, coffee importation market become 3 times bigger. I think anything can’t subtitute coffee yet.4 Dunkin donuts covet Starbucks unsing huge funds power and distribution network. The business doesn’t needs heavy investment and decision. Dunkin get bigger and bigger and invasing other companies. But coffee market has low entry barrier. Dunkin could be threated by bigger major company at any time. If Dunkin want survive at market, it should develop their new own competitive benefit. For example, Starbucks distribute soluble coffee which has brand of Starbucks. â… ¢-2 Q: In what ways is Dunkin’ Donuts presently using strategic alliances, and how could cooperative strategies further assist with its master plan for growth? Dunkin’ Donuts often partners with a select group of retailers-such as Stop &  Shop and Wal-Mart. This activity has found another new market in those people who need to have a rest in shopping. The cooperative strategies are very useful in fierce market, it can low the cost of open new coffee store and acquire more profit. Dunkin’ Donuts has been joining with many theme parks, ball parks, important places and lodges. They also have expanded to sporting venues like Fenway Park and the TD Bank north Garden. Partnering with popular companies and organizations helps them gain popularity and shows how popular places support Dunkin’ Donuts. Dunkin’ Donuts has come up with a brilliant new strategy for growth within the coffee industry. In 2002 the company formed an alliance with Stop & Shop Supermarkets. The agreement allowed Dunkin Donuts to have a full service coffee shop in over 5,000 stores throughout Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York and New Jersey. This partnership benefitted the Stop & Shop Supermarket’s business because it added value for the customers to drink gourmet coffee during grocery shopping.5 â… ¢-3 Q: Do you see evidence of strategic leadership in Dunkin’s U.S. expansion plans if so how? Expand into new markets using a disciplined approach. They believe that the Western part of the U.S. represents a significant growth opportunity for Dunkin Donuts. Specifically, in the near-term, they intend to maintain a focus on development in contiguous markets that are adjacent to their existing base, and generally move outward to less penetrated markets in progression, providing for marketing and supply chain. Although Dunkin’ Donuts has a strong presence in Northeastern U.S., they do not have a strong presence in other areas of the country. The map below depicts the abundant amount of stores in the East compared to the rest of the country. By 2020, however, they plan to have a total of 15,000 stores in the United States which would almost double their current U.S. presence. In addition to the United States, Dunkin’ Donuts has been serving customers internationally for over 40 years and currently operates over 3,100 stores in 32 countries. Their growth is successfu l due to their store consistency and strong franchises; out of their approximately 10,000 stores worldwide, about 7,000 of them are franchises. Therefore, consistency between these stores is of  great importance. Dunkin’ Donuts now offers Dunkin’ Donuts K-Cup ® portion packs, making â€Å"America’s Favorite Coffee† available for use with the Keurig ® Single-Cup Brewing system. Sold exclusively at participating Dunkin’ Donuts restaurants in the United States, Dunkin’ K-Cup ® portion packs are offered in five popular flavors, including Original Blend, Dunkin’ Decaf ®, French Vanilla, Hazelnut and Dunkin’ Dark ® Roast. Dunkin Donuts has designed a strategy of cost leadership. Cost leadership id defined as offering the same product of equal or better quality at a price that is equal to or less than the competition. Since most consumers today are very price/cost conscious, this type of business strategy is very appealing to them. It makes for a lower profit margin but allows for greater volume of sold product. This strategy can be difficult to attain as it requir es great discipline in controlling costs and expenditures. The overall operations of the business must be kept in check at all times in order to maintain a lower price over its competitors. Dunkin Donuts’ produces more product sales than that of Starbuck’s, its nearest competitor. All prices at restaurant chains are fixed but because Dunkin’ sells a higher volume of product they are able to maintain overall profitability. Dunkin’s carries only a limited number of items which allows for better controls along with superior customer service. Like its competitors, Starbucks and McDonald’s, Dunkin’ Donuts offers the same great service at each one of its independently owned locations. Most Dunkin’ Donuts Stores are placed strategically in centers with a lower rent factor. Furthermore, since all of Dunkin’ items come from the same vendors, costs can be easily controlled. Should any of these vendors choose to increase prices, Dunkin’ can easily find new vendors.6 IV. Compare with another company in similar issue of chapter. Dunkin Donuts 1. Basic strategy – Expand the U.S market, Entry into the world’s major regions Through the expansion of the store any region can see a dunkin. Dunkin images in life that can be planted. 2. Enhanced coffee beverages sold. Drink 50% Coffee 20% Meal 30% sales. Coffee market, trying to stand up . 3 .Dount is favorite food from Meal replacement food by repositioning. Dunkin Donuts coffee in the morning to visit and eat. American peoples wake up and eat breakfast at the Dunkin Donuts.. 4. Star marketing using celebrities and characters. The stars who appeared in the popular, If planted in high-quality give consumers the impression that donut. (Michael Vale trademark Dunkin 80s) 5. Dunkins’ image In life with the trends in consumer preferences the timely development of new products. Made by other companies inside the trend Dunkin had their own way, the product is immediately released quickly. Dunkin has released bagels a lot of revenues. 6. Live to die. Almost all companies when his company is unlikely to change the advertising strategy. But dunkin is different. Brand power is at highest out a new advertising. AS a result, today’s Maker of the world’s largest coffee and bakery is growing. The change in the timing of the match and the change to a new level, because it changed the brand marketing strategy . Krispy Kreme Donuts. 2004 in Korea first open. On December 16, 2004 , the first â€Å"HOT NOW† neon sign was turned on in Korea for the first Time in Asia. As of 2012, Krispy Kreme provides customers with warm and fresh doughnuts In its about 70 nationwide stores. SWOT analysis Strength – LOTTE shopping with partnership. LOTTE is experience in distribution and catering business and know-how plenty. So it is possible to differentiate the taste of donuts. Marketing strategy So it was trying to create a brand image of sophisticated. Unique marketing (Offer free donuts , Word-of-mouth marketing , The unique packaging) Automated Production Systems. Showed the customers manufacturing process (Experience for customers) If you buy a lot offered a discount ( dozen) Weakness The sweetness of the donut and High calorie. Therefore Koreans are likely to not fit national mouth. Low accessibility , High price. Opportunity So the price is low and 10 junior and senior high school students prefer a sweet food. You can easily buy a hand and Satisfies the needs of their preferred products So twenties is main targeting customers. .To have a family and have a wonderful time out to take advantage of as many Take-out. Threats The low level of competition in the donut market. Formed before the start of business from word-of-mouth. Because of Dunkin Donut products consumers there is recognition that the Dunkin Donuts Dunkin first mover advantage market → Market share 90% The spread of cultural well-being. In addition, a number of competitors have entered the country. (Mr.Donut , Tono studio dount) Totally compared [Dunkin VS Krispy Kreme] Doughnut market is Dunkin Donut is the first shop in itaewon in 1994. Dunkin is 10 years donut market has been monopolized. But the killer is Dunkin Donut’s Krispy Kreme donuts are made in korea market entry in 2004. Broke an official Dunkin=Donuts. Krispy Kreme donuts could reason against because the only way to differentiate manner. Hard and we have domesticated white powder donuts , fluffy and warm donuts is the impact of new. Dunkin Donuts does not  have a special representative of the product. Unlike Krsipy Kreme made directly from the store piping hot representative of the original glazed products layer was targeting mania. Also, instead of receiving undue criticism PPL ad, A neon sign is turned on â€Å"hot now† give away free donuts, hot offers and events, Consumers are prepared to look at a donut unveiled. Because of this differentiated strategy, Krispy Kreme donuts in the domestic market in two years revenue grew by 200%. While Dunkin Donut’s is marke t share decline and there was no revenue growth. More, Dunkin Donuts is the number of stores is often compared to its competitors However, revenue can be compared to its competitors is the third. More difficult for the economy, the donut market has a booming. Dunkin Donuts since 2010, a day 3-5time directly from the store baked donuts providing customers with introduced the system PFD(Premium Fresh Donuts). Made at the factory was trying to get out into the image. While, Krispy Kreme donuts, making the product directly to retail stores is expansion difficult to operate. So, distribution you can quickly produced a small donut shop was opened in fresh shop. As a result, its plans to increase market share. Dunkin Donuts stores are conscious of latecomers to bake donuts that directly is because Krispy Kreme as its competitors it is a threats. These days, focusing on the side of coffee than donuts, so will get lost in a lot of donuts customer. Krispy Kreme is makes it easy to find the customers, if you expand the number of stores. One w ill be able to go higher than the top of the industry.7 V. Conclusion So in this report, we are decided Dunkin’ Donuts has five competitive point Similar as Porter’s five forces. A. Substitute product : Krispy Kreme Dunkin Donuts does not have a special representative of the product. Unlike Krsipy Kreme made directly from the store piping hot representative of the original glazed products layer was targeting mania. Also, instead of receiving undue criticism PPL ad, A neon sign is turned on â€Å"hot now† give away free donuts, hot offers and events, Consumers are prepared to look at a donut unveiled. Because of this differentiated strategy, Krispy Kreme donuts in the domestic market in two years revenue grew by 200%. While Dunkin  Donut’s is market share decline and there was no revenue growth. More, Dunkin Donuts is the number of stores is often compared to its competitors However, revenue can be compared to its competitors is the third. More difficult for the economy, the donut market has a booming. Dunkin Donuts since 2010, a day 3-5time directly from the store baked donuts providing customers with introduced the system PFD(Premium Fresh Donuts). Made at the factory was trying to get out into the image. While, Krispy Kreme donuts, making the product directly to retail stores is expansion difficult to operate. So, distribution you can quickly produced a small donut shop was opened in fresh shop. As a result, its plans to increase market share. B. New Entrants: Mister Donut Now almost all Mister Donut stores have changed their names to Dunkin’ Donuts, and Mister Donut no longer exists anymore in America. However, before Mister Donut was acquired, both Dunkin’ Donuts and Mister Donut had started to do business in Japan in the 1970’s. Dunkin’ Donuts was run by a food company, Yoshinoya, which mainly provides a meal known as beef rice bowl. Mister Donut was run by a cleaning company, Duskin, in Japan. Dunkin’ Donuts failed in Japan and withdrew, but Mister Donut succeeded and dominated the doughnut industry in Japan. Even now, Mister Donut continues to be the most popular doughnut chain in Japan, even though you can’t find it anymore in America. On the contrary, you can’t find any Dunkin’ Donuts in Japan, even though it is the world biggest doughnut chain. 8 C. Suppliers: Coca-Cola Reuters reports that Dunkin’ Donuts has dropped PepsiCo drinks in favor of Coca-Cola products at its 9,400 Dunkin’ and Baskin Robbins shops across the U.S. Terms of the deal haven’t been disclosed, Reuters notes, but the move likely left a bad taste in the mouths of Pepsi executives. In January, Dunkin’ revealed plans to double the number of existing Dunkin’ Donuts stores over the next two decades, according toThe Consumerist. Still, Pepsi released a polite statement, noting that, â€Å"Dunkin’ Donuts has been a valued partner of PepsiCo over the last five years and we’ve enjoyed being part of  its success.† Enterprise News reports that the Dunkin’ Donuts deal covers Coke’ juice, energy drink and water brands, including Powerade, Minute Maid, Simply, Dasani and Vitaminwater. Coke beverages will appear at Dunkin’ Donuts and Baskin-Robbins shops by late spring, and all Pepsi drinks will disappear by August .9 D. Customers In Opportunity surface, life pattern of the consumer rather than the rice and miso soup, I began to turn into bread and coffee. And, it has the characteristics associated with Take-out culture on the theme of coffee and a donut to eat easily Dunkin Donuts. The greatest opportunity is that the acquisition of potential customers donut market is large by competitors in the market of donut is very small. And while competitors often market of beans, potential for development of the potential market also has a number of advantages. Dunkin Donuts’ have its own strategy. They have grown as the doughnut market leader. In spite of several competitors and new entrances, they continuously have developed their own strategic management. For fulfilling customers’ demand, they will study the best strategy from now and on.

Environmental Law in New Zealand

Environmental Law in New Zealand Introduction New Zealand is in an enviable position as it has been able to learn from the mistakes of other nations, however this does not mean disasterous environmental issues cannot arise here. Fortunately New Zealand has well established environmental laws with several legislative statutes and governmental authorities. Following international trends and heightened awareness of environmental issues throughout the years the legislation has become increasingly integrated.Arising from international research and public concern new statutes have also been created the most significant of which is the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). Contributing Factors and Benefits Before the RMA, New Zealand environmental law and its administration was similar to that of many other countries, consisting of an assortment of uncoordinated and overlapping statutes, regulations and practices. The Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Act 1941 was the first of such legisla tive statutes centred on use of the land and resources.Social change in the 1960's spurred awareness of environmental issues in New Zealand with events such as the Save Manapouri Campaign (1959-1972) opposing the development of the hydro-electric scheme planned for Lake Manapouri. During this period several statutes were created, the Nature Conservation Council Act 1962 and the Environment Council in 1970 acknowledging that economic interests can often override environmental concerns.The Save Manapori Campaign culminated in 1972 with a change of government, the newly elected Labour Government set about fulfilling it's election promise of environmental reform creating the Commision for the Environment. The agency later became the Office of the Parliamentary Commisioner for the Environment after the creation of the Environment Act 1986 establishing the Ministry for the Environment. The Department of Conservation, the Ministry of Conservation and Fish and Game were formed shortly after with the implementation of the Conservation Act 1987.In January 1988, Deputy Prime Minister Geoffrey announced a comprehensive review of the many environment and resource acts in place, as well as the procedures for assessing environmental effects. This Resource Mangagement Law Review (RMLR) was established to address concerns by environmentalists and Maori who both believed the public lacked access to information and the government had too much power.Along with inadequate protection of resources and little attention to Maori and environmental values in economic decisions. The review was managed by the Ministry for the Environment encompassing Maori ideas of stewardship and sustainability it focused on existing New Zealand resource law and public reaction to deficiencies within those laws. The RMLR was drafted and the subsequent Resource Management Bill was put before parliament but not passed into law before the 1990 general election.The victorious National Party decided to contin ue the process of resource management reform. Minister for the Environment Simon Upton reviewed the bill and to the surprise of many made it greener, changing the bill from its original objective of balancing economics and environment to constraining economical objectives to suit the environment, embracing the approach of sustainable management.Upton addressed parliament on his re-written RMA stating that its purpose was not one of contolling and planning economic activity but one of sustaining, rectifying and mitigating the effects on the use of natural resources. The bill was passed in 1991 and has become the preeminant legislation concerning the management of the environment in New Zealand replacing 69 Acts and 19 regulations, it describes sustainable management as: (1) The purpose of this Act is to promote the sustainable management of natural and physical resources. 2) In this Act, sustainable management means managing the use, development, and protection of natural and physica l resources in a way, or at a rate, which enables people and communities to provide for their social, economic, and cultural well-being and for their health and safety while— (a) sustaining the potential of natural and physical resources (excluding minerals) to meet the reasonably foreseeable needs of future generations; and (b) safeguarding the life-supporting capacity of air, water, soil, and ecosystems; and (c) avoiding, remedying, or mitigating any adverse effects of activities on the environment. Ministry for the Environment, 2011). 2011 has also seen a further addition to the RMA and environmental law in New Zealand with the implementation of the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA). The EPA will perform tasks once performed by the Ministry for the Environment, the Ministry of Economic Development, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Environmental Risk Management Authority. International Influences The 1970's was a time of increased international conce rn for the environment, this spawned the first United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972.Representatives from 113 countries met for the first time to discuss the state of the global environment. The conference culminated with the signing of a declaration containing 26 principles concerning the environment and development, an action plan with 109 recommendations, and a resolution (Baylis ; Smith, 2005). This action is widely seen as the beginning of modern political and public awareness of global environmental issues, paving the way for further international collaborations such as the Kyoto Protocol of which New Zealand is a signatory and the World Commission on Environment and Development .The Brundtland Commision previously known as the World Commission on Environment and Development is perhaps the biggest international influence on the creation of the RMA, convened by the United Nations in 1983 the commision focused on the degredation of the environment and natura l resources and the resulting consequences. In 1987 the commision released a report on the matter, titled Our Common Future the report centres on the concept of sustainable development and the political changes required to achieve it.New Zealand's response to the report was that of agreeance, a report consisting of a step-by-step response to 12 areas of concern highlighted by the Commission was submitted to the United Nations General Assembly (McChesney, 1991). The Newly formed Ministry for the Environment was tasked with following up the Brundtland Report which it did by means of RMLR resulting in the RMA in 1991. Role of the RMA in New Zealand The RMA is built on the idea of sustainable resource management, it encourages communities and individuals to become involved in planning for the future environment.The RMA provides the guidelines for how the environment should be managed especially how the environmental effects of our activities should be managed. In accordance with the RMA , regional and district councils are to monitor activities, and respond to complaints about those activities that the public believe are negatively affecting the environment. It is important to realise that the RMA is largely effects based, if the applicant can prove that the effects of the development on the environment are unproblematic, then they may be allowed to continue.The RMA however has not absolved the Conservation Act 1987 and the Environment Act 1986, the authorities created by these Acts such as Fish and Game and the Department of Conservation also play an active part in supporting or appealing resource consents. Any proposed plans to use or develop natural resources that are not permitted by the rules of the RMA require the authorisation of a resource consent from the local council.Five different consents types exist, defined by the RMA as: (a) a consent to do something that otherwise would contravene section 9 or section 13 (in this Act called a land use consent): (b) a consent to do something that otherwise would contravene section 11 (in this Act called a subdivision consent): (c) a consent to do something in a coastal marine area that otherwise would contravene any of sections 12, 14, 15, 15A, and 15B (in this Act called a coastal permit): (d) a consent to do something (other than in a coastal marine area) that otherwise would contravene section 14 (in this Act called a water permit): (e) a consent to do something (other than in a coastal marine area) that otherwise would contravene section 15 (in this Act called a discharge permit). (Ministry for the Environment, 2011). An application must be submitted to the local council containing a description of the planned activity along with an assessment of the effects on the environment. If the activity is not prohibited by the local and regional plan the resource consent will be processed and the application may be publicly notified (not all are publicly notified) whereby anyone can make a submissi on on the application.Organisations such as the Department of Conservation, Fish and Game and Forest and Bird have become key proponents of the submission process, opposing consents that harm flora and fauna. After receipt of all information required from the applicant and subsequent public submissions and public hearings the decision is made. Anyone who has made a submission and is dissatisfied with the outcome can appeal to the Environment Court. The resource consent process (Ministry for the Environment, 2009) The Environment Court previously know as the Planning Tribunal came to fruition in 1996 after ammendments to the RMA (Environment Court, 2007), among other things the court arbitrates RMA appeals.The court hears appeals on resource consent decisions, however it does not review the decision made by local authorities instead it hears any evidence it requires and makes its own decision overriding or upholding the original decision. The court does not belong to the regular New Zealand judicial hierarchy (District, Supreme, High Court) although it carries the powers of a District Court allowing it to enforce the RMA and conduct criminal or civil proceedings. Conclusion Environmental Law in New Zealand has been significantly overhauled throughout the years from barely existent to now having three key pieces of legislation enabling conservation and sustainable management.The RMA is a hugely important perhaps revolutionary piece of legislation, largely focused on the issue of sustainable management, a relatively new concept at the time. Unlike previous legislative statutes the RMA ambitiously incorporates management of the land, air, sea and fresh water into a single piece of legislation. It has effectively decentralised the governments power on the use of natural resources. Local and district authorities now make the decisions themselves following the principle that the decisions should be made closest to the resources affected.References Baylis, J. , & Smit h, S. (2005). The Globalization of World Politics (3rd ed). Oxford University Press, p. 454-455. Environment Court of New Zealand (2007). Environment Court. Retrieved from http://www. justice. govt. nz/courts/environment-court McChesney , I (1991). The Brundtland Report and sustainable development in New Zealand . Centre for Resource Management Lincoln University and University of Canterbury , p. 22. Ministry for the Environment (2009). An Everyday Guide to the Resource Management Act Series 2. 1: Applying for a Resource Consent. Retrieved from http://www. mfe. govt. nz/publications/rma/everyday/consent-apply/ Ministry for the Environment (2011). New Zealand Legislation: Acts. Retrieved from http://www. legislation. govt. nz/act/public/1991/0069/latest/DLM230265. html